Chapter 1 - Dozois - Abnormality Throughout History

Question 1

Essentially proposes that the prediction made from the theory is false.

Answer 1

Null hypothesis

Question 2

Causes or origins of the problem behavior

Answer 2

Etiology

Question 3

Possible theories for causes of mental illnesses

Answer 3

Biological, psychodynamic (derived from theories of Freud and his followers), behavioural or cognitive-behavioural theories, cognitive theories examining dysfunctional thoughts or belief, humanistic or existential theories that examine interpersonal processes, socio-cultural influences.

Question 4

Behavior, speech, or thought that impairs the ability of a person to function in a way that is generally expected of him or her, in the context where the unusual functioning occurs.

Answer 4

psychological abnormality

Question 5

A term often used to convey the same meaning of psychological abnormality, but implies a medical rather than psychological cause

Answer 5

mental illness

Question 6

In this book we will use the term BLANK to mean both the scientific and the psychological abnormality and the problems faced by people who suffer from such disorders.

Answer 6

psychopathology

Question 7

view where behavior is judged as abnormal if it occurs infrequently in the population

Answer 7

statistical concept (defining abnormality)

Question 8

principle factor reported by individuals with psychological disorders

Answer 8

Personal distress (defining abnormality)

Question 9

when behavior is clearly maladaptive

Answer 9

personal dysfunction (defining abnormality)

Question 10

the behavior and thoughts of may psychologically disordered individuals run counter to what we might consider appropriate. (departure from what would be expected in the context).

Answer 10

violation of norms

Question 11

Norms of a particular culture determine what is considered to be normal behavior, and abnormal can be defined only in reference to these norms

Answer 11

culturally relative

Question 12

Individual trained in general psychology and then receives graduate training in the application of this knowledge to the understanding, diagnosis, and amelioration of disorders of thinking and behaviour.

Answer 12

clinical psychologist

Question 13

Useful in planning the management and treatment of persons displaying mental disorders

Answer 13

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

Question 14

an involuntary procedure conducted which individuals who were deemed “feebleminded, “ “mentally deficient,” or “mentally ill” to prevent deterioration of the intellectual level of the general population ( Nazis practice and practiced in Canadian history

Answer 14

Sexual sterilization

Question 15

Darwin’s theory (Enlightenment period) conceptualization of the mechanism of the evolution

Answer 15

natural selection (accepted at the time, but since rejected)

Question 16

Etiology of abnormal behavior have reflected, and continue to reflect, the values of society at a particular time

Answer 16

changes in the acceptability, treatment, and theories of etiology

Question 17

Skulls have been found with circular sections cut out of them - conclusion of an operation called
the prehistoric practice of chipping a hole into a person’s skull, was an early of surgery, possibly intended to let out evil spirits

Answer 17

trephination

Question 18

Father of modern medicine, denied the popular belief of the time that psychological problems were caused by the intervention of gods. or demons

Answer 18

Hippocrates (460-377 BCE)

Question 19

belief that psychological functioning resulted from disturbances of bodily fluids, or BLANK as they were called then (method used vomiting or bleeding)

Answer 19

humours

Question 20

first to describe what he called hysteria, which is now known as conversion disorder (psychologically induced blindness, deafness or other apparent defects in perceptual or body dysfunctions)

Answer 20

Hippocrates

Question 21

Declared that mentally disturbed people who commit crimes should not be held responsible, since they could not be said to understand what they had done.
Now Bill C-30

Answer 21

Greek philosopher- Plato (427-347 BCE)

Question 22

Wrote extensively on mental disorders and other aspects of psychological functioning. He advocated the humane treatment of mental patients

Answer 22

Greek philosopher- Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

Question 23

Egyptians adopted and expanded the medical and psychological. What did the Egyptians establish

Answer 23

Sanatoriums (pleasant and peaceful surroundings)

Question 24

In 300 BCE in ancient Greece various schools of thought that rejected Hippocrates’s theories of mental illness form. The best known theory that regarded mental illness as a disorder that resulted either from a constriction of body tissue or from a relaxation of those tissues due to exhaustion.

Answer 24

Methodism

Question 25

two causes for mental disorders- physical and psychological
suggested that people should talk about their problems with a sympathetic listener had value in treating the mentally disordered

Answer 25

Roman thought 129-198 Galen

Question 26

compassionate attitudes, individuals treated with sympathy in this part of the world today
Arab asylums ( a word meaning place of refuge and protection) followed the tradition of care, support and compassion

Answer 26

Arab

Question 27

An epidemic of mass hysteria, where groups of people would suddenly be seized by an irresistible urge to leap out, jumping and dancing and sometimes convulsing (claimed to be bitten by spider (tarantula) so it would not be attributed to to possession by evil spirits.

Answer 27

St. Virtus dance

Question 28

Denied assertion of demon possession and instead declared the problem to be a disease (treated disordered people with a version of hypnotism)

Answer 28

Paracelsus

Question 29

mental illnesses could arrive from natural causes- (still believed that some mental illnesses were caused by the devil)

Answer 29

Johannes Weyer (1515- 1588)

Question 30

Name for noise and disruption among asylum residents described as rowdy and chaotic behavior

Answer 30

bedlam

Question 31

helped people who were mentally ill by claiming that they were ill not possessed by demons.

Answer 31

Sixteen century nun- St. Teresa

Question 32

Director of La Bicetre , asylum (1792) ordered inmates chains be removed and instructed staff to treat the patients with kindness rather than beating

• remembered for his humanity but also for the influence he exerted on psychiatry as a whole.
• Saw the asylum as therapeutic
• was scientific and looked only to natural explanations for the origins of mental disorders

Answer 32

Philippe Pinel (1745- 1826)

Question 33

Brought ‘moral therapy’ ( based on Pinel) to North America

Answer 33

Benjamin Rush

Question 34

A Viennese physician who was the first to introduce “degeneration” theory. This idea proposed the deviations from normal functioning are transmitted by hereditary processes and that theses deviations progressively degenerate over generations. Heredity.

Answer 34

Benedict Augustine Morel (1809-1873) One year before Darwin’s ‘The Origin of Species’

Question 35

Most influential person in the latter part of the 19th century, in 1883 he published a very important textbook titled ‘Clinical Psychiatry’ that attempted to classify mental illnesses

Answer 35

Emil Kraepelin

Question 36

Name Kraepelin called certain groups of symptoms tended to occur together

Answer 36

syndromes

Question 37

discovered that infections could be a cause of mental disorders
-General paresis of the insane (GIP) or neurosyphilis

Answer 37

Richard von Krafft- Ebing (1840-1902)

Question 38

the idea that psychopathology is caused by biological factors - soma meaning “body” gained prominence after GIP

Answer 38

Somato-genesis

Question 39

A method that was believed to help produce recovery from mental illness and is still used in some form today

Answer 39

Shock Therapy

Question 40

A treatment using electricity to indue a seizure in mental patients that was used to treat patients suffering with schizophrenia, and MDD Major depressive disorder

Answer 40

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Question 41

the use of antipsychotic medications (antidepressants in 1960’s

Answer 41

Psychopharmacology (p. 17).

Question 42

Process of discharging patients from institutions

Answer 42

deinstitutionalization

Question 43

viewpoint that declared that if psychology were to become a science, it must be restricted to the study of observable features: namely the behavior of organisms.
derived from Pavlov’s (1849-1936) studies of classical conditioning.

Answer 43

behaviourism (John B. Watson) (1878-1958)

Question 44

A service established in 2007 with the goal of an integrated mental health system that encourages better co-operation among government, mental health providers, employers, the scientific community, and Canadians who live with and care for those with mento disorders.

Answer 44

Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC)

Question 45

Integration of scientific evidence with individual expertise in order to inform optimum client care

Answer 45

Evidenced based practice (EBP)