DONE. 5I XC Planning - Runway Incursion Avoidance Flashcards
- three major areas that contribute to runway incursions?
FAA-H-8083-3
a. Communications—
misunderstanding the given clearance;
failure to communicate effectively
b. Airport knowledge—
failure to navigate the airport correctly;
misinterpret airport signage
c. Maintaining orientation—
failure to maintain situational awareness
- Preflight planning for taxi operations.
What information should this include?
(AC 91-73)
a. Review and understand airport signage, markings and lighting.
b. Review the airport diagram, planned taxi route, and identify any “hot spots.”
c. Review the latest airfield NOTAMs and ATIS (if available) for taxiway/runway closures, construction activity, etc.
d. Conduct a pre-taxi/pre-landing briefing that includes the expected/assigned taxi route and any hold short lines and restrictions based on ATIS information or previous experience at the airport.
e. Plan for critical times and locations on the taxi route (complex intersections, crossing runways, etc.).
f. Plan to complete as many aircraft checklist items as possible prior to taxi.
- “hot spot”
FAA-H-8261-1
safety-related problem area/intersection on an airport.
Typically, hot spots are complex or confusing intersections.
Might be a lack of visibility and/or the tower may not be able to see those particular intersections.
- “sterile cockpit”
AC 91-73
Reduce distractions and focus during
taxi
arrival; from the time landing prep begins until the aircraft is safely parked.
Refraining from nonessential activities during ground operations is essential.
Passengers should be briefed on the importance of minimizing conversations and questions
- “progressive taxi instructions”
When should a pilot request?
(AIM 4-3-18)
step-by-step routing directions.
unfamiliar with the airport
for any reason confusion exists as to the correct taxi routing,
- pitfall of receiving a different taxi route than you “expect”
(AC 91-73)
Tendency to follow the expected instructions instead of the actual
AIRPLANE ONLY
7. Why is it a good idea to write down taxi instructions, especially at larger or unfamiliar airports?
(AC 91-73)
Writing down taxi instructions, especially complex instructions, can reduce a pilot’s vulnerability to forgetting part of the instructions and provides a reference for read-back of instructions to ATC. It can also be used as a means of reconfirming the taxi route and any restrictions at any time during taxi operations.”
- if issued taxi instructions to the takeoff runway, are you automatically authorized to cross a runway that intersects your taxi route?
(AIM 4-3-18)
No
must receive a runway crossing clearance for each runway that their taxi route crosses.
When assigned a takeoff runway, ATC will first specify the runway, issue taxi instructions, and state any hold short instructions or runway crossing clearances if the taxi route will cross a runway.
ATC is required to obtain a read back from the pilot of all runway hold short instructions.
- received taxi instructions…
pilot needs to read back what information?
(AIM 4-3-18)
a. runway assignment.
b. Any clearance to enter a specific runway.
c. Any instruction to hold short of a specific runway or line up and wait.
- situational awareness during taxi operations
AC 91-73
a. current airport diagram
b. Monitor ATC instructions/clearances issued to other aircraft for the “big picture.”
c. Focus outside
d. Use airport diagrams, signs/markings, lighting, and ATC to keep on assigned taxi route.
e. reference heading indicator to ensure turns are being made in the correct direction
f. Prior to crossing any hold short line, visually check for conflicting traffic; verbalize “clear left, clear right.”
g. Be alert for other aircraft with similar call signs on the frequency.
h. Understand and follow all ATC instructions and if in doubt—Ask!
- exterior lighting
enhance situational awareness and safety
during airport ops
(AC 91-73; SAFO)
a. rotating beacon whenever an engine is running.
b. navigation/position lights and anti-collision lights,Prior to commencing taxi
c. All exterior lights when crossing a runway.
d. Entering the departure runway for takeoff—All exterior lights (except landing lights)
e. Cleared for takeoff—All exterior lights including takeoff/landing lights.
Note: If you see an aircraft in takeoff position on a runway with landing lights ON, that aircraft has most likely received its takeoff clearance and will be departing immediately.
- calm wind conditions,
airport without control tower
be aware of what potentially hazardous situations
(AC 91-73)
Maybe more than one runway in use
may be using an IAP to runways other than the runway in use for VFR
instrument approach runway may intersect the VFR runway
instrument arrival may be made on opposite end of the departing runway
- just landed
tower-controlled airport
missed assigned taxiway for exiting the runway.
Can you to turn around on the runway and return to the exit taxiway?
(AIM 4-3-20)
No
never stop or reverse course on the runway
without getting ATC approval first
14. taxiing non-towered airport precautionary measures prior to entering/crossing a runway (AC 91-73)
Listen to frequency (CTAF) for inbound aircraft
always scan the full length of the runway, final approach and departure paths, before entering/crossing the runway.
Self-announce position/ intentions
remember that not all aircraft are radio-equipped.
- ATC has instructed to line up and wait
on the departure runway due to crossing traffic on an intersecting taxiway.
What is a reasonable amount of time to wait for a takeoff clearance before calling ATC?
(AIM 5-2-4; SAFO)
90 seconds
or you see/ hear a potential conflict
contact ATC
