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dna structure Flashcards

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1
Q

. DNA Definition

A

DNA is a nucleic acid that stores genetic information and controls cellular activities, including protein synthesis.

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2
Q

DNA Structure

A

DNA consists of nucleotides, which have three components: phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous base.

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3
Q

Nucleotide Components

A

Nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine).

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4
Q

Complementary Base Pairing

A

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) through weak hydrogen bonds.

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5
Q

Double Helix

A

DNA has a double helix structure, where two strands of nucleotides wind around each other. Discovered by Watson and Crick.

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA is organized into chromosomes, which are condensed structures containing genes. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

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7
Q

Chromatin Network

A

DNA exists in a less condensed form as chromatin in the cell nucleus, except during cell division or replication.

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8
Q

Genes

A

Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins and are the units of hereditary information.

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9
Q

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

A

The phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars form the backbone of DNA, connecting the nucleotides.

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10
Q

Purines and Pyrimidines

A

Adenine and Guanine are purine bases with double rings, while Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidine bases with single rings.

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11
Q

DNA Replication

A

DNA replication is the process of copying DNA, ensuring genetic information is passed to daughter cells during cell division.

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12
Q

Hereditary Information

A

DNA carries hereditary information in genes, influencing an organism’s traits and characteristics.

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13
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

DNA provides instructions for protein synthesis, vital for growth, development, and cellular functions.

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14
Q

Complementary Base Pairing

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine through hydrogen bonds, ensuring accurate DNA replication and transcription.

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15
Q

DNA Shape

A

The DNA molecule has a double helix structure with complementary base pairs forming rungs, discovered by Watson and Crick.

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16
Q

Nucleotide Function

A

Nucleotides are the monomers of DNA, linked together to form a DNA strand through phosphodiester bonds.

17
Q

Weak Hydrogen Bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T, G-C) are weak, allowing DNA strands to be separated during replication and transcription.

18
Q

Chromosome Structure

A

Chromosomes consist of condensed DNA strands, including two chromatids joined by a centromere.

19
Q

DNA Code

A

DNA’s sequence of nucleotides encodes the genetic information necessary for an organism’s traits and functions.

20
Q

Genetic Replication

A

DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, synthesizing new complementary strands using existing strands as templates, and forming two identical DNA molecules.

21
Q

DNA Function

A

DNA carries hereditary information, guides protein synthesis, and ensures genetic information is passed to offspring through replication.

22
Q

DNA Replication Process

A

DNA replication involves the separation of DNA strands, primer attachment, complementary nucleotide addition, and DNA strand elongation.

23
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Genetic variation arises from differences in DNA sequences, contributing to diversity within and among species.

24
Q

Chromatin vs. Chromosome

A

Chromatin is the relaxed, less-condensed form of DNA, while chromosomes are tightly coiled structures seen during cell division.

25
Q

Nucleotide Pairing Rules

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine, forming two hydrogen bonds, while Guanine pairs with Cytosine, forming three hydrogen bonds.

26
Q

DNA Helicase

A

DNA helicase unwinds the double helix during replication, creating single-stranded regions for nucleotide pairing.

27
Q

Semiconservative Replication

A

DNA replication is semiconservative, where each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

28
Q

Role of DNA in Heredity

A

DNA is the molecule of heredity, passing genetic information from parents to offspring through reproduction.

29
Q

Protein Synthesis Steps

A

Protein synthesis involves transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein), guided by the genetic code.

30
Q

Central Dogma

A

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information: DNA to RNA to protein.

bio 101 (23 decks)

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