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Biology > Dna, Rna, And Protein Synthsis > Flashcards

Dna, Rna, And Protein Synthsis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the essential roles for a substance to be the genetic instructions.

A
  • store genetic instructions
  • copy instructions (replication)
  • transmit information (transcription)
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2
Q

Chemical Composition of DNA

A
  • Deoxyribose Sugar
  • Phosphate Group
  • Nitrogenous Base

All three make up nucleotide

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3
Q

Two types of Nitrogenous bases

A
  • Purines: adenine+guanine and possess 2 C+n rings

- Pyrimidines: thymine+cytosine and posses 1 C+n ring.

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4
Q

The building unit for nucleic acids are …… And are …..

A

Nucleotides and are covalently bonded together.

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5
Q

Scientist who discovered the complementary base pairs

A

Chargaff

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6
Q

A=

A

T

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7
Q

G=

A

C

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8
Q

Chargaff rule states that

A

A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C

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9
Q

Scientists who identified the shape of DNA

A

Wilkins and Franklin

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10
Q

Instruments used by Franklin and Wilkins

A

X-Ray images of DNA crystals

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11
Q

What is the shape of DNA

A

Helix (spirals)

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12
Q

2 strands of nucleotides exist which means

A

DNA is referred to as the double helix.

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13
Q

Scientists who developed the model of DNA

A

Watson and Crick.

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14
Q

The DNA structure consists of 2 strands of

A

nucleotides that run in opposite directions which are anti-parallel

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15
Q

The 2 strands create a backbone and are composed of

A

alternating sugar and phosphate.

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16
Q

Nucleotides in the backbone are held together by

A

covalent bonds

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17
Q

Stands in the middle are held together by

A

Hydrogen bonds.

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18
Q

Hydrogen bonds allow for the

A

separation for replication.

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19
Q

A= T because of

A

two hydrogen bonds.

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20
Q

G=C because of

A

three hydrogen bonds.

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21
Q

The genetic instructions are dependent on

A

the exact sequence of bases on each chain.

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22
Q

Copying process required for cell division

A

Replication

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23
Q

Why is replication essential?

A

Replication makes sure that each new cell has a complete set of genetic instructions.

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24
Q

Replications occurs in what phase?

A

The S phase of interphase.

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25
Q

Replication is regulated by

A

several enzymes in a series of steps.

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26
Q

What is the replication fork?

A

The point at which two chains separate.

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27
Q

What are the helicases?

A

The specific enzymes that do the separating of the chains.

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28
Q

How do helicases separate chains?

A

By breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.

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29
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

the enzyme that assists in matching base pairs during replication.

30
Q

What are free nucleotides?

A

independent nucleotides not attached in a chain but are available to help with the constructing though of the new chain

31
Q

Each original chain acts as a template

A

for a new chain.

32
Q

What type of bond is between the chain of nucleotides?

A

A Covalent Bond

33
Q

What type of bond is between the base pairs?

A

Hydrogen Bond

34
Q

Replication occurs at

A

many points simultaneously

35
Q

What is the benefit of replication occurring at many points?

A

Speed.

36
Q

The replication process results in two new exact copies of the

A

exact copies of the original DNA molecule.

37
Q

The human genome consists of

A

3 million base pairs that must be copied

38
Q

Accuracy and Repair of Replication

A
  • Essential that DNA is copied accurately
  • High degree of accuracy is created at several points
  • 1 error in 1 billion base pairs
  • Certain parts of DNA are more prone to errors.
39
Q

What is Mutation?

A

change in the genetic code by changing the nucleotide sequence.

40
Q

The Segment of DNA determining a trait

A

Gene

41
Q

DNA is in the

A

nucleus

42
Q

Protein Synthesis takes place in the

A

Ribosomes which are located in the Cytoplasm.

43
Q

RNA is responsible for

A

the movement of genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

44
Q

Structure of RNA

A

nucleotides consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and a base.

45
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  • DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded
  • DNA has deoxiribose sugar while RNA as Ribose sugar
  • RNA has the base uracil instead of thymene
46
Q

Messenger RNA is responsible for

A

acquiring genetic instructions for a protein from DNA and carries it to the ribosomes.

47
Q

Ribosomal RNA is

A

globular form and makes up ribosomes

48
Q

Transfer RNA is responsible for

A

transfering specific amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.

49
Q

Transcription is

A

changing the DNA sequence into mRNA

50
Q

Promoters are

A

segment of nucleotides that mark the beginning of a gene for transcription.

51
Q

RNA polymerase is the

A

primary transcription enzyme that synthesizes or creates mRNA.

52
Q

Steps in RNA polymerase

A
  • Binds to promoter
  • Region of DNA separates
  • Only one of the DNA chains acts as a template.
53
Q

A template is the

A

pattern for the protein

54
Q

Second stage in Transcription

A

RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA template and adds complementary RNA nucleotides.

55
Q

Transcription continues until RNA polymerase reaches the

A

termination signal.

56
Q

Transcription completes with

A

a new messenger RNA molecule being released the the DNA template called transcript.

57
Q

The mRNA moves through the

A

nuclear pores to the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.

58
Q

Protein Synthesis is

A

making proteins

59
Q

Proteins are significant because they

A

determine the structure and function of cells.

60
Q

Structure of Protein

A
  • Polymer
  • 20 Amino Acids (possibly hundreds to thousands).
  • Sequence influences shape which influences function of the protein.
61
Q

What is the Genetic Code?

A

Exact sequence of bases for instructions.

62
Q

What is a Codon?

A

Series of 3 nucleotides on mRNA.

63
Q

What is the maximum number of 3 letter codons?

A

64

64
Q

How many possible bases do codons have

A

4

65
Q

Each amino acid has

A

2 or more codons.

66
Q

Translation is the process

A

of assembling polypeptides from information carried on mRNA.

67
Q

Translation takes place

A

at Ribosomes

68
Q

During translation, amino acids in the cytolplasm

A

are transported by Transfer RNA

69
Q

The anticodon is

A

a sequence of three nucleotides that fit to corresponding mRNA codon

70
Q

Amino acids possess

A

a specialized region for attachment of specific amino acids.

71
Q

Final stage of translation

A

Ribsomes move along mRNA transcript and each codon is paired with its anticodon.

Biology (10 decks)

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