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Biology > Chapter 8 photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 8 photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the characteristics of living things?

A
  • Maintain Homeostasis
  • Highly Organized
  • Requires Energy
  • Grow and Develop
  • Reproduce
  • Made of Cells
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2
Q

The need for energy is to

A

maintain homeostasis and undergo life processes.

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3
Q

Energy is

A

the ability to do work or to cause change.

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4
Q

Specific Forms of Energy

A
  • Chemical Energy
  • Light Energy
  • Thermal Energy
  • Electrical Energy
  • Mechanical Energy
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5
Q

Stored Energy is

A

potential energy in the form of chemical compounds.

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6
Q

Chemical Compounds store energy

A

in the bonds between atoms.

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7
Q

As bonds are broken, new bonds

A

Form to create different substances.

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8
Q

Energy is lost and may be transformed + example

A

Into different forms.

Ex: burning candles creates heat/light.

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9
Q

Living things require chemical energy, but

A

It must be in the correct form.

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10
Q

Adenosine triphosphate is

A

Usable form of energy.

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11
Q

Cells are able to

A

Store and release energy effectively

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12
Q

Example of the form of ATP

A

Quarter

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13
Q

What happens when energy is released in ATP?

A

ATP has a bond broken between the second and third phosphate

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14
Q

What happens when ATP stores energy?

A

ATP gains a phosphate and creates a bond.

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15
Q

Why is the ATP molecule useful?

A
  • Allows the efficient transfer of energy

- Able to store smaller amounts of energy for short periods of time.

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16
Q

How does storing smaller amounts of energy contrast?

A

Glucose stores 90x the amount of energy as ATP.

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17
Q

What is the original source of energy?

A

Sun

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18
Q

What are autotrophs + examples?

A

Self feeders able to use energy and raw materials to create food in the form of chemical energy.
Ex: plants/algae and few bacteria.

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19
Q

What are Heterotrophs +example

A

Feeds on others and uses chemical energy from other organisms for food.
Ex: animals, fungus, most bacteria

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20
Q

What is the photosynthesis formula?

A

C6H12O6

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21
Q

What is the cellular respiration formula?

A

C6h12o6+O2 ~ co2+H2o+ATP

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22
Q

Van Helmont observations about photosynthesis

A
  • Where does tree mass come from?
  • Mass did not come from soil.
  • Concluded mass came from water.
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23
Q

Priestley observations about photosynthesis

A
  • Put candle with leaf in jar

- Leaf revived the injured air.

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24
Q

Ingenhousz observations about photosynthesis

A

-Discovered that plants require sunlight.

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25
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum is

A

Energy that travels in the forms of waves.

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26
Q

“White Light” consists of

A

the full range of the visible light spectrum.

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27
Q

Visible light code is

A

ROYGBIV

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28
Q

Different colors correspond to

A

different wavelengths.

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29
Q

When light strikes an object, it’s component of wavelengths of energy can be…

A
  • reflected
  • absorbed
  • transmitted.
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30
Q

An object appears a certain color because

A

those wavelengths are reflected

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31
Q

Black

A

absorbs

32
Q

White

A

reflects

33
Q

Black

A

Absorbs

34
Q

What are pigments?

A

Molecules that reflect certain colors and absorb other colors

35
Q

Examples of common pigments?

A
  • Anthocyainws
  • Chlorophyll
  • Xanthophyll
  • Carotene
36
Q

Chlorophyll are

A

Pigments that generally are green.

37
Q

Two types of chlorophyll?

A
  • Chlorophyll A

- Chlorophyll B

38
Q

Chlorophyll A absorbs

A

Purple,violet, and red orange.

39
Q

Chlorophyll A is

A

directly involved in light- dependent reactions.

40
Q

Chlorophyll B absorbs

A

Blue, yellow orange.

41
Q

Chlorophyll B is

A

considered to be an accessory pigment since it absorbs wavelengths of color from a different range therefore enhances the efficiency of photosynthesis.

42
Q

Carotenoids are

A

accessory pigments that absorb green wavelengths of light.

43
Q

Carotenoids reflect

A

orange and red wavelengths.

44
Q

Carotenoids are common in

A

flowers and fruit.

45
Q

Chloroplasts are

A

specialized organelles for photosynthesis.

46
Q

Chloroplasts are made up of…

A
  • Thylakoids

- Photosystems

47
Q

Thylakoids are

A

systems of membranes arranged as a series of interconnected flattened sacs.

48
Q

Grana are

A

stacks of membranes

49
Q

Stroma is

A

solution surrounding the grana

50
Q

Photosystems are

A

clusters of pigment molecules within the thylakoid membrane that act as light collecting units.

51
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs…which transfers energy to particular structures that raise the … … …

A

Chlorophyll absorbs VISIBLE LIGHT which transfers energy to particular structures that raise the ENERGY LEVEL OF ELECTRONS

52
Q

Electron carriers are

A

compound that can accept high-energy electrons and transfer them along with their energy to another molecule.

53
Q

Sunlight is capable of

A

Energizing(exciting) electrons.

54
Q

High energy electrons require a carrier within the cell. Example illustration is

A

Hot potato

55
Q

What is NADP+?

A

Carrier molecule that accepts and holds two electrons with hydrogen to form

56
Q

Some light energy can be trapped in… … which can then be transferred to other reactions.

A

Some light energy can be trapped in CHEMICAL FORM which can then be transferred to other reactions.

57
Q

NADP+ energy can be used to

A

build a variety of organic molecules

58
Q

NADP+ can be

A

recycled

59
Q

What are the overall actions of light- dependent reactions?

A
  • Uses light to convert ADP-ATP and NADP+-NADPH

- Split H20 molecules to release oxygen.

60
Q

Light energy is absorbed by

A

photosystems in thylakoid membranes.

61
Q

Absorbed light energy causes …… in …… to move to higher ……and eventually leave and be transferred to ………

A

Absorbed light energy causes ELECTRONS in CHLOROPHYLL A to move to higher ENERGY LEVELS and eventually leave and be transferred to THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

62
Q

Source of new electrons come from…

A

the splitting of the water molecule.

63
Q

High energy electrons move through

A

the electron transport chain to pump hydrogen across the thylakoid membrane.

64
Q

How are electrons re-energized?

A

by the next photosystem.

65
Q

What process is required to form ATP?

A

Chemiosmosis

66
Q

Moving hydrogen inside the thylakoid membrane creates a

A

concentration gradient of charge.

67
Q

Chemiosmosis also requires

A

ATP SYNTHASE

68
Q

ATP Synthase rotates like

A

A turbine and converts ADP TO ATP

69
Q

Light-Independent reactions are also known as

A

the Calvin Cycle

70
Q

Overall actions of the Calvin Cycle

A
  • Trap CO2 into a specialized molecule

- Usage of ATP and NADPH FROM LIGHT REACTIONS to create bonds in the formation of carbohydrates.

71
Q

The Calvin Cycle requires

A

Carbon Fixation

72
Q

What is Carbon Fixation?

A

incorporates CO2 into intermediate organic molecules in the sequence of creating carbohydrates.

73
Q

The Calvin Cycle occurs in

A

the stroma of chloroplasts

74
Q

Calvin Cycle needs molecules and steps like

A

RuBP~PGA~PGAL

75
Q

Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to create

A

Bonds

76
Q

Final molecule in Calvin Cycle is used to create

A

Energy-rich glucose that can be converted to Complex Carbs, Lipids, and Proteins.

77
Q

Factors that affect photosynthesis

A
  • H20
  • CO2
  • Amount of light.

Biology (10 decks)

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