Chapter 8 photosynthesis Flashcards
What are the characteristics of living things?
- Maintain Homeostasis
- Highly Organized
- Requires Energy
- Grow and Develop
- Reproduce
- Made of Cells
The need for energy is to
maintain homeostasis and undergo life processes.
Energy is
the ability to do work or to cause change.
Specific Forms of Energy
- Chemical Energy
- Light Energy
- Thermal Energy
- Electrical Energy
- Mechanical Energy
Stored Energy is
potential energy in the form of chemical compounds.
Chemical Compounds store energy
in the bonds between atoms.
As bonds are broken, new bonds
Form to create different substances.
Energy is lost and may be transformed + example
Into different forms.
Ex: burning candles creates heat/light.
Living things require chemical energy, but
It must be in the correct form.
Adenosine triphosphate is
Usable form of energy.
Cells are able to
Store and release energy effectively
Example of the form of ATP
Quarter
What happens when energy is released in ATP?
ATP has a bond broken between the second and third phosphate
What happens when ATP stores energy?
ATP gains a phosphate and creates a bond.
Why is the ATP molecule useful?
- Allows the efficient transfer of energy
- Able to store smaller amounts of energy for short periods of time.
How does storing smaller amounts of energy contrast?
Glucose stores 90x the amount of energy as ATP.
What is the original source of energy?
Sun
What are autotrophs + examples?
Self feeders able to use energy and raw materials to create food in the form of chemical energy.
Ex: plants/algae and few bacteria.
What are Heterotrophs +example
Feeds on others and uses chemical energy from other organisms for food.
Ex: animals, fungus, most bacteria
What is the photosynthesis formula?
C6H12O6
What is the cellular respiration formula?
C6h12o6+O2 ~ co2+H2o+ATP
Van Helmont observations about photosynthesis
- Where does tree mass come from?
- Mass did not come from soil.
- Concluded mass came from water.
Priestley observations about photosynthesis
- Put candle with leaf in jar
- Leaf revived the injured air.
Ingenhousz observations about photosynthesis
-Discovered that plants require sunlight.
Electromagnetic spectrum is
Energy that travels in the forms of waves.
“White Light” consists of
the full range of the visible light spectrum.
Visible light code is
ROYGBIV
Different colors correspond to
different wavelengths.
When light strikes an object, it’s component of wavelengths of energy can be…
- reflected
- absorbed
- transmitted.
An object appears a certain color because
those wavelengths are reflected
Black
absorbs
White
reflects
Black
Absorbs
What are pigments?
Molecules that reflect certain colors and absorb other colors
Examples of common pigments?
- Anthocyainws
- Chlorophyll
- Xanthophyll
- Carotene
Chlorophyll are
Pigments that generally are green.
Two types of chlorophyll?
- Chlorophyll A
- Chlorophyll B
Chlorophyll A absorbs
Purple,violet, and red orange.
Chlorophyll A is
directly involved in light- dependent reactions.
Chlorophyll B absorbs
Blue, yellow orange.
Chlorophyll B is
considered to be an accessory pigment since it absorbs wavelengths of color from a different range therefore enhances the efficiency of photosynthesis.
Carotenoids are
accessory pigments that absorb green wavelengths of light.
Carotenoids reflect
orange and red wavelengths.
Carotenoids are common in
flowers and fruit.
Chloroplasts are
specialized organelles for photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are made up of…
- Thylakoids
- Photosystems
Thylakoids are
systems of membranes arranged as a series of interconnected flattened sacs.
Grana are
stacks of membranes
Stroma is
solution surrounding the grana
Photosystems are
clusters of pigment molecules within the thylakoid membrane that act as light collecting units.
Chlorophyll absorbs…which transfers energy to particular structures that raise the … … …
Chlorophyll absorbs VISIBLE LIGHT which transfers energy to particular structures that raise the ENERGY LEVEL OF ELECTRONS
Electron carriers are
compound that can accept high-energy electrons and transfer them along with their energy to another molecule.
Sunlight is capable of
Energizing(exciting) electrons.
High energy electrons require a carrier within the cell. Example illustration is
Hot potato
What is NADP+?
Carrier molecule that accepts and holds two electrons with hydrogen to form
Some light energy can be trapped in… … which can then be transferred to other reactions.
Some light energy can be trapped in CHEMICAL FORM which can then be transferred to other reactions.
NADP+ energy can be used to
build a variety of organic molecules
NADP+ can be
recycled
What are the overall actions of light- dependent reactions?
- Uses light to convert ADP-ATP and NADP+-NADPH
- Split H20 molecules to release oxygen.
Light energy is absorbed by
photosystems in thylakoid membranes.
Absorbed light energy causes …… in …… to move to higher ……and eventually leave and be transferred to ………
Absorbed light energy causes ELECTRONS in CHLOROPHYLL A to move to higher ENERGY LEVELS and eventually leave and be transferred to THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Source of new electrons come from…
the splitting of the water molecule.
High energy electrons move through
the electron transport chain to pump hydrogen across the thylakoid membrane.
How are electrons re-energized?
by the next photosystem.
What process is required to form ATP?
Chemiosmosis
Moving hydrogen inside the thylakoid membrane creates a
concentration gradient of charge.
Chemiosmosis also requires
ATP SYNTHASE
ATP Synthase rotates like
A turbine and converts ADP TO ATP
Light-Independent reactions are also known as
the Calvin Cycle
Overall actions of the Calvin Cycle
- Trap CO2 into a specialized molecule
- Usage of ATP and NADPH FROM LIGHT REACTIONS to create bonds in the formation of carbohydrates.
The Calvin Cycle requires
Carbon Fixation
What is Carbon Fixation?
incorporates CO2 into intermediate organic molecules in the sequence of creating carbohydrates.
The Calvin Cycle occurs in
the stroma of chloroplasts
Calvin Cycle needs molecules and steps like
RuBP~PGA~PGAL
Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to create
Bonds
Final molecule in Calvin Cycle is used to create
Energy-rich glucose that can be converted to Complex Carbs, Lipids, and Proteins.
Factors that affect photosynthesis
- H20
- CO2
- Amount of light.
