Chapter 7 Flashcards
The discovery of the cell required……
microscope.
Cell
structural and functional unit of living things
Anton Van Leevwentgoek 1st observed…
single celled organisms in pond water.
What is the Cell theory (x3 parts)
- all living things are made of cells.
- cells are the basic units of structure.
- New cells are produced from existing cells
What are the largest and smallest cells
- Largest: Ostrich Egg
- Smallest: Microplaysim bacteria
Cells are limited in size by…
the surface area to volume ratio.
Structure relates to…
function.
Examples of “structure relates to function”
- Small intestine contains many levels to increase surface area.
- Plant roots: a lot of surface area.
What is the internal organization of cells? (x3)
- Organelles
- Cell Membrane
- Nucleus
-
Define Organelles
little organs (specialized cell structures to carry out life processes or cell functions.)
Define Cell Membrane
a thin flexabile membrane surrounding the contents of a cell.
Define Nucleus
a defined structure that contains DNA.
What are Eukaryotes?
cells that enclose their DNA in nuclei and posses membrane cound organells.
What are pokaryotes?
cells that do not enclose DNA in nuclei.
Examples things with Eukaryotes
- plants
- animals
- fungus
- protista
Example of Prokaryote
-Bacteria.
What are the basic parts of a Eukarote cell (x3)?
- cell membrane
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
What is the Cytoplasm?
portion of the cell between nucleus and cell membrane
What is Cytosol?
Fluid portion of cytoplasm containing many dissolved substances.
Nucleus is known as what?
“control center”
What does the Nucleus possess?
Genetic Instructions
What is the function of the nucleus?
contains hereditery info stored in DNA which transfers instructures to RNA to direct the production of proteins and other important molecules.
What are the structural features of the nucleus?
- Nuclear envelope
- Nuclear Pores
- Chromatin/Chromosomes
- Nucleolus
What is the nuclear envelope?
double membrane that surrounds contents of the nucleus.
What are Nuclear pores?
specialized openings to regulate substances into nucleus.
What are Chromatin/Chromosomes?
combination of DNA and proteins.
Chromatin is…..
uncoiled form in a non-dividing cell.
Chromosome:
coiled form prepared for cell divisions.
What is the nucleolus?
dense region for the assembly of ribosomes
Vacuoles/Vesicles are known as…..
Warehouse
What is the function of vacuoles/vesicles
store materials like water,salts,proteins and carbohydrates.
What is the structure of vacuoles/vesicles like?
Large sak like membrane.
Specialized forms of Vacuoles/Vesicles (x3)
- Plants:possess a single large central vacule
- Single-celled organisms: may posses a contractile vacule to pump excess out.
- Vesicles: smaller structures to store and move material through out the cell.
Lysoosomes are known as? Why?
“clean up crew” because they breakdown lipids,carbs and proteins into small molecules for usage.
Lysosomes contain
“hydrolytic enzymes” that could destroy the cell and are common in white blood cells.
Cytoskeleton is known as? Why?
“Framework” because
- gives shape and internal organization
- helps transport materials between different parts of the cell
- may be involved in moving the cell.
Microfilaments are
thread like structures made up of a network of proteins.
What are examples of Microfilaments?
-Muscle cells to cause movement
What are microtubules?
hollow structures made up of tubulon.
Microtubules form ……
spindle fibers for separating chromosomes during cell division.
Microtubles build projects from the cell surface…
Cilia: short and numerous
Flagella: long+few
Ribosomes are known as? Why?
“workers”
-because they form proteins
The structure of Ribosomes lack a ________
membrane
Ribosomes consist of ______ and ________
RNA, Proteins
Ribosomes attach to the _________
ER and are responsible for producing proteins used within the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum is known as? Why (3x)
packagers because
- assemble lipid components for cell membrane
- modify and transport proteins made by the rybosome
- the smooth ER detoxifyes
ER structure is…
system of interconnected membranes.
What are the two types of ER?
- Smooth ER
- Rough ER
Rough ER posses
rybosomes attached to the surface.
Importance of Rough ER (2x)
- important in preparing proteins for export out of cell
- abundant in glands
Smooth ER does not posses
rybosomes attached
Importance of Smooth ER
- detoxifying
- abundant in liver
Golgi Apparatus is known as? Why?
“Powerhose” because it modifies,sorts, and packages proteins and other materials.
Structure of Golgi Apparatus
stack of flattened membranes
Function of Chloroplasts…
capture light energy and convert to chemical energy.
3 Plant Specialists
- Chloroplasts: contain green pigments
- Leukoplasts: “White” store starch
- Chromoplast: “Color” contain pigments (red, yellow, orange)
Structure of Chloroplasts
stacks of interconnected membranes within the chloroplast.
Function of Mitochondria
convert chemical energy in food to usable forms of energy “ATP”
Mitochondria posses a
folded inner membreane where reactions take place.
Mitochondria is most numerious in
cells that require a lot of energy
Ex: muscle (cardiac,sketetal), nerve cells.
All cells have a
cell membrance which encloses the contents of the cell and separates it from its environment
Many organisms have a ________ in addition to ________
Cell Wall, Cell Membrane.
