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Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The discovery of the cell required……

A

microscope.

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2
Q

Cell

A

structural and functional unit of living things

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3
Q

Anton Van Leevwentgoek 1st observed…

A

single celled organisms in pond water.

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4
Q

What is the Cell theory (x3 parts)

A
  • all living things are made of cells.
  • cells are the basic units of structure.
  • New cells are produced from existing cells
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5
Q

What are the largest and smallest cells

A
  • Largest: Ostrich Egg
  • Smallest: Microplaysim bacteria
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6
Q

Cells are limited in size by…

A

the surface area to volume ratio.

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7
Q

Structure relates to…

A

function.

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8
Q

Examples of “structure relates to function”

A
  • Small intestine contains many levels to increase surface area.
  • Plant roots: a lot of surface area.
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9
Q

What is the internal organization of cells? (x3)

A
  • Organelles
  • Cell Membrane
  • Nucleus

-

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10
Q

Define Organelles

A

little organs (specialized cell structures to carry out life processes or cell functions.)

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11
Q

Define Cell Membrane

A

a thin flexabile membrane surrounding the contents of a cell.

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12
Q

Define Nucleus

A

a defined structure that contains DNA.

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13
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

cells that enclose their DNA in nuclei and posses membrane cound organells.

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14
Q

What are pokaryotes?

A

cells that do not enclose DNA in nuclei.

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15
Q

Examples things with Eukaryotes

A
  • plants
  • animals
  • fungus
  • protista
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16
Q

Example of Prokaryote

A

-Bacteria.

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17
Q

What are the basic parts of a Eukarote cell (x3)?

A
  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
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18
Q

What is the Cytoplasm?

A

portion of the cell between nucleus and cell membrane

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19
Q

What is Cytosol?

A

Fluid portion of cytoplasm containing many dissolved substances.

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20
Q

Nucleus is known as what?

A

“control center”

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21
Q

What does the Nucleus possess?

A

Genetic Instructions

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22
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains hereditery info stored in DNA which transfers instructures to RNA to direct the production of proteins and other important molecules.

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23
Q

What are the structural features of the nucleus?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nuclear Pores
  • Chromatin/Chromosomes
  • Nucleolus
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24
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane that surrounds contents of the nucleus.

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25
Q

What are Nuclear pores?

A

specialized openings to regulate substances into nucleus.

26
Q

What are Chromatin/Chromosomes?

A

combination of DNA and proteins.

27
Q

Chromatin is…..

A

uncoiled form in a non-dividing cell.

28
Q

Chromosome:

A

coiled form prepared for cell divisions.

29
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

dense region for the assembly of ribosomes

30
Q

Vacuoles/Vesicles are known as…..

A

Warehouse

31
Q

What is the function of vacuoles/vesicles

A

store materials like water,salts,proteins and carbohydrates.

32
Q

What is the structure of vacuoles/vesicles like?

A

Large sak like membrane.

33
Q

Specialized forms of Vacuoles/Vesicles (x3)

A
  • Plants:possess a single large central vacule
  • Single-celled organisms: may posses a contractile vacule to pump excess out.
  • Vesicles: smaller structures to store and move material through out the cell.
34
Q

Lysoosomes are known as? Why?

A

“clean up crew” because they breakdown lipids,carbs and proteins into small molecules for usage.

35
Q

Lysosomes contain

A

“hydrolytic enzymes” that could destroy the cell and are common in white blood cells.

36
Q

Cytoskeleton is known as? Why?

A

“Framework” because

  • gives shape and internal organization
  • helps transport materials between different parts of the cell
  • may be involved in moving the cell.
37
Q

Microfilaments are

A

thread like structures made up of a network of proteins.

38
Q

What are examples of Microfilaments?

A

-Muscle cells to cause movement

39
Q

What are microtubules?

A

hollow structures made up of tubulon.

40
Q

Microtubules form ……

A

spindle fibers for separating chromosomes during cell division.

41
Q

Microtubles build projects from the cell surface…

A

Cilia: short and numerous

Flagella: long+few

42
Q

Ribosomes are known as? Why?

A

“workers”

-because they form proteins

43
Q

The structure of Ribosomes lack a ________

A

membrane

44
Q

Ribosomes consist of ______ and ________

A

RNA, Proteins

45
Q

Ribosomes attach to the _________

A

ER and are responsible for producing proteins used within the cell.

46
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum is known as? Why (3x)

A

packagers because

  • assemble lipid components for cell membrane
  • modify and transport proteins made by the rybosome
  • the smooth ER detoxifyes
47
Q

ER structure is…

A

system of interconnected membranes.

48
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A
  • Smooth ER
  • Rough ER
49
Q

Rough ER posses

A

rybosomes attached to the surface.

50
Q

Importance of Rough ER (2x)

A
  • important in preparing proteins for export out of cell
  • abundant in glands
51
Q

Smooth ER does not posses

A

rybosomes attached

52
Q

Importance of Smooth ER

A
  • detoxifying
  • abundant in liver
53
Q

Golgi Apparatus is known as? Why?

A

“Powerhose” because it modifies,sorts, and packages proteins and other materials.

54
Q

Structure of Golgi Apparatus

A

stack of flattened membranes

55
Q

Function of Chloroplasts…

A

capture light energy and convert to chemical energy.

56
Q

3 Plant Specialists

A
  • Chloroplasts: contain green pigments
  • Leukoplasts: “White” store starch
  • Chromoplast: “Color” contain pigments (red, yellow, orange)
57
Q

Structure of Chloroplasts

A

stacks of interconnected membranes within the chloroplast.

58
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A

convert chemical energy in food to usable forms of energy “ATP”

59
Q

Mitochondria posses a

A

folded inner membreane where reactions take place.

60
Q

Mitochondria is most numerious in

A

cells that require a lot of energy

Ex: muscle (cardiac,sketetal), nerve cells.

61
Q

All cells have a

A

cell membrance which encloses the contents of the cell and separates it from its environment

62
Q

Many organisms have a ________ in addition to ________

A

Cell Wall, Cell Membrane.

Biology (10 decks)

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