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Biology > Chapter 2A: Basic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2A: Basic Chemistry Flashcards

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0
Q

What is matter?

A

A: anything that takes up space and has mass.

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1
Q

What is the connection between biology and chemistry?

A

Chemistry studies the composition, structure, and the properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.

Living things are composed of matter and function at the chemical level.

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2
Q

What is mass?

A

A: amount of matter in an object.

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3
Q

How is mass different than volume?

A

A: volume is the amount of space occupied.

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4
Q

How is mass different than weight?

A

A: Weight is the measure of gravitational force on an object.

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5
Q

Weight in change according to the…

A

… Amount of gravity but mass does not change.

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6
Q

What is an element?

A

A: pure substance that consists entirely of one type of Atom.

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7
Q

What are primary elements in living things?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.

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8
Q

Elements are represented by…

A

Chemical symbols.

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9
Q

What is an atom?

A

The simplest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.

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10
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more elements chemically combined together with say definite proportion.

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11
Q

What are examples of compounds?

A

H20: water
NaCL: sodium chloride
CO2: carbon dioxide
NH4No3: ammonium nitrate

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12
Q

What are subatomic particles?

A

Particles that make up and Atom.

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13
Q

What are examples of subatomic particle’s

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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14
Q

If that Atom is neutral…

A

The number of protons equals the number of electrons.

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15
Q

What is atomic number?

A

Identifies the number of protons and there by the identity of the element.

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16
Q

Examples of elements and atomic numbers…

A

Hydrogen: one proton
Helium: two protons

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17
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons there by have different masses.

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18
Q

What is the biological importance of radioactive isotopes?

A

The nuclear decay constant rate.

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19
Q

Isotopes of the same number of electrons, therefore…

A

Behave the same.

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20
Q

What is mass number?

A

Identifies the total number of protons and neutrons.

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21
Q

Most elements and actually exist…

A

In the form of compounds.

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22
Q

What is the chemical formula?

A

Representation that identifies the kinds and numbers of atoms for each element.

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23
Q

The reactivity of an element depends upon the…

A

Electron number and arrangement since they can be gained lost or shared.

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24
Q

What are chemical reactions?

A

Changes in the composition of substances and bonds are broken and atoms are rearranged.

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25
Q

What is the purpose of chemical reactions?

A

To become chemically stable.

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26
Q

What are bonds?

A

Force of attraction hold Atoms together.

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27
Q

How are covalent bonds formed?

A

Sharing pairs

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28
Q

What is a molecule?

A

The smallest unit of a covalently bound compound.

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29
Q

What are examples of molecules?

A

H20

C6h

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30
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

Formed by the transfer of electrons to form particles of therefore oppositely charged I attract

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31
Q

What are ions?

A

Atoms with a net positive or negative charge by the losing or gaining of electrons.

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32
Q

What is the biological significance of ions?

A

Nerve conduction, muscle contraction.

33
Q

What is Van der Waals force?

A

Relatively weak forces of attraction between charged regions of different molecules.

(intermolecular forces between molecules.)

Tiny regions of positive and a negative charge for rated as a result of rapidly moving electrons.

34
Q

Van der Waals are able to hold….

A

Different molecules together.

35
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Form of attraction between molecules possessing hydrogen atoms with a positive charge to a negative charge portion of another molecule or within a large molecule.

36
Q

What are examples of hydrogen bonds?

A

Water, holding strands of DNA together, folding of proteins/enzymes into particular shapes.

37
Q

The covalent bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen have…

A

Unequal equal sharing of electrons.

38
Q

Oxygen attracts…………….more strongly than hydrogen.

A

Electrons

39
Q

In the covalent bond between hydrogen oxygen, the oxygen end of the molecule tends to have a………charge and the hydrogen and has a……… Charge.

A

Negative, positive.

40
Q

Why is water described as being polar?

A

Opposite ends are oppositely charged.

41
Q

The polarity of water is the basis of…………… In water.

A

Hydrogen bonds.

42
Q

Water acts as an essential what?

A

Solvent

43
Q

Most chemical reactions occur in…

A

Solution with water.

44
Q

What is the solubility principal?

A

“Like dissolves like “

45
Q

What is the meaning of the solubility principal “like dissolves like “?

A

Polar dissolves polar and ionic. Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar

46
Q

Water possesses a high…

A

Specific heat

47
Q

What is specific heat?

A

Amount of energy required to change 1 g of substance 1°C.

48
Q

What is the difference between high specific heat and low specific heat?

A

High specific heat means the temperature changes slowly with added energy. Low specific he means the temperature changes rapidly.

49
Q

Water possesses what two kinds of forces?

A 
Cohesive forces (cohesion: sticks to itself.)
Adhesive forces (adhesion: sticks to other things.)
50
Q

What do cohesive and adhesive forces result in?

A

Surface tension: molecules on the surface are attracted to itself more than the air.
EX: penny activity

Capillary action: movement of liquids/water up due to he seven cohesive forces.
EX: TAC Wix

51
Q

What are mixtures?

A

combination of two or more substances physically blended together; no set ratio of components.

52
Q

Suspensions

A.size of particles
B.action of particles
C. Filtration of particles
D. Biologically significant examples

A

A. Relatively large
B. They are not dissolved, temporarily suspended by settle.
C. Particles can be filtered by paper.

D. Erosion- H20 has suspended dirt/soil.
Blood-blood cells suspended in plasma.

53
Q 
Colloids
A.size of particles
B.action of particles
C. Filtration of particles
D. Biologically significant examples
A

A. Medium in size
B. Long-term suspensions, not dissolved.
C. Cannot be filtered.
D. Milk, egg white, Jell-O, mayo.

54
Q 
Solutions
A.size of particles
B.action of particles
C. Filtration of particles
D. Biologically significant examples
A

A. Tiny/small Atoms or molecules.
B. Particles are actively dissolved.
C
D

55
Q

What are the parts of a solution?

A

Parts of a solution include the salary or substance being dissolved and the solvent or the substance that does the dissolving.

56
Q

What are examples of solutions?

A

Oxygen dissolved in water for fish.

57
Q

What is dissociation of water?

A

Breaking apart the water molecule to form ions.

58
Q

Pure water contains equal numbers of what?

A

Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.

59
Q

What are acids?

A

Solutions in which the hydronium ions are greater than the hydroxide ions.

60
Q

What is the taste of edible acids?

A

Sour.

61
Q

What are acids?

A

Solutions in which the hydrogen concentration is greater than the hydroxide.

Increases the hydronium level

62
Q

What are bases?

A

Solutions in which the hydroxide ions are greater than the hydrogen ions.

63
Q

What is a descriptive term of bases?

A

Alkaline.

64
Q

What are examples of edible bases?

A

Soup, toothpaste, bleach.

65
Q

What is the taste of edible bases?

A

Bitter.

66
Q

What is the pH scale for?

A

It compares relative quantities of hydrogen and hydroxide.

67
Q

In the pH scale each unit of change is a… Change.

A

Each unit is a 10 times change

Example: and 8 to 10 change would equal 100x

68
Q

The pH level solutions greatly affects……

A

Living things.

69
Q

What is the average blood pH?

A

7.4. And is monitored very carefully

70
Q

PH levels are key to the proper functioning of………. Which regulate virtually all biochemical processes.

A

Enzymes.

71
Q

What are buffers?

A

Substances that control the pH levels for Vancharb or setting changes of pH.

Example: stomach (hydrochloric acid.)

72
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work or to cause change.

73
Q

What are the six specific forms of energy?

A

Chemical energy, heat energy, mechanical energy, solar energy, thermal energy, nuclear energy.
Electrical energy.

74
Q

Living organisms carry out what?

A

Thousands of chemical reactions, both simple and complex, that use or release energy.

75
Q

What is the general format for chemical equations?

A

Reactances-yields-Products

76
Q

What happens to the atoms of substances?

A

The bonds between atoms are broken and the atoms are rearranged.

77
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Amount of energy required to start chemical reactions.

78
Q

What is an example of activation energy?

A

Lighting a match with friction.

79
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Substances that will lower the activation energy there by speeding up reaction.

80
Q

What is an example of a catalyst?

A

Enzymes.

Biology (10 decks)

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