Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Chemical energy does what?
Directly power cell activities.
All organisms depend on what?
Chemical energy
Autotrophs are what?
Self feeders such as plants, algae and few bacteria.
Heterotrophs are what?
Other feeders such as animals, fungus, and most bacteria.
Chemical energy is created within
Bonds between atoms.
More atoms with more bonds means
More energy.
How is the amount of energy in food measured?
Little c calorie and Big/kilocalorie.
A c calorie is
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degrees Celsius.
A kilocalorie is also known as
Big calorie
A kilocalorie/big calorie is
Larger unit of measurement used as a dietary measurement.
A kilocalorie/big calorie equals
1000 c calories
1 gram of glucose equals
4 c calories.
1 gram of triglycerides (fats) equals
9 c calories.
1 gram of protein equals
4 big c calories
Cells don’t really burn energy since
Most of it would be lost in heat and light therefore steps are used to create ATP.
Chemical equation for photosynthesis:
6H2O+6CO2. < C6 H12 O6 O2
Chemical equation for cellular respiration:
6O2+C6H12O6 < 6CO2+6H20+ATP
Exchange of gasses occurs in
Breathing
Cellular respiration is
Converting chemical in food into a usable form of energy.
What are the two types of respiration?
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Aerobic means
Requires oxygen.
Anaerobic means
Does not require oxygen.
Aerobic includes
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
Anaerobic includes
Glycolysis and fermentation.
What is glycolysis?
“Sugar breaking” the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
What does glycolysis do?
Transforms one glucose molecules into two pyruvic acid molecules and releases small amounts of ATP.
Glycolysis consists of
chemical reactions that are regulated by several specific enzymes.
Glycolysis takes place in
Cytosol
The 6-carbon glucose molecule is modified by
Spending two ATP.
The 6-carbon molecule splits in half
In order to form PGAL.
PGAL is changed by
Removing electrons and transferring them to NAD+ to form NADH.
NADH acts as an
Energy carrier.
PGAL continues to be modified by the removal of
phosphate to form 4 ATP and pyruvic acid
Advantages of glycolysis?
Speed;although not efficient
Able to operate in the absence of oxygen.
What is fermentation?
Process carried out in the absence of oxygen and takes place in the cytoplasm.
Additional pathway for anaerobic cellular respiration?
Fermentation
Fermentation pathways so not
Create additional ATP.
Fermentation pathways do
Convert NADH to NAD+ which allows the continuation of glycolysis to form more ATP.
Specific enzymes are used to
Regulate each step.
Two types of fermentation
Alcoholic
Lactic acid
Alcoholic fermentation is what?
Process that converts pyruvic acid into ethyl acid with co2 as a by product
Alcoholic fermentation regenerates
NAD+
Example of alcoholic fermentation
Yeast.
Alcoholic fermentation summary equation
Pyruvic acid+NADH — Alcohol+co2+Nad+
Example products of alcoholic fermentation
- leavened bread : co2 bubbles make bread rise.
- fermented fruits+grains-alcoholic beverage.
Lactic acid fermentation is what?
Process that concerts pyruvic into lactic acid and regenerates NAD+.
Lactic acid fermentation summary equation
Pyruvic acid+NADH——lactic acid+NAD plus.
Example organisms of lactic acid fermentation.
Human muscle cells
Bacteria
Example activities of lactic acid fermintation
sprint swimming, hockey.
Glycolysis provides
the source of ATP.
Example Bacteria
Tetanus; Gangrene; Botulism
What is enteric?
bacteria within the digestive tract
3.5% of stored energy
in glucose is trapped in ATP.
What is the benefit of energy being trapped in ATP?
Speed and can occur with insufficient oxygen.
Overview of Aerobic Respiration process:
a. Glycolysis
b. Krebs Cycle
c. Electron Transport chain
The Krebs cycle continues to break down
pyruvic acid (breaking bonds) to form energy carriers NAOH+FADH2.
The Electron Transport Chain
uses high energy products of krebs cycle to form ATP.
Aerobic respiration occurs in
Mitochondria
Role of Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the Cell
Structure of Mitochondria
folded inner membrane makes more room for ATP.
The Kreb’s cycle is described
by Honz Kreb (1937)
Kreb’s cycle continues as a cycle sicne
original molecule is reformed.
One glucose molecules causes
2 turns of cycle.
The bulk of chemical energy is still trapped
in energy carriers
What is the Electron Transport Chain?
Stage of aerobic respiration that creates ATP from the high energy electrons formed in glycolysis and Krebs Cycle.
Location of Electron Transport Chain
Mitochondria (inner membrane)
In the Electron Transport Chain, high energy electrons from _________ and __________ are passed along a series of protein molecules along the innermembrane
NADH and FADH2
In electron transport chain Energy is lost and used to drive a
Chemiosmosis Process
Chemiosmosis operates according to a :
Hydrogen-ion concentration gradient.
ATP synthase allows the formation of
ATP from ADP as the Hydrogen ion moves back across the membrane powered by the spinning turbine.
What does Aerobic respiration require?
Oxygen
Why does Aerobic respiration require oxygen?
Oxygen serves a final electron acceptor
Percent of Aerobic respiration efficiency
36%
Aerobic Respiration is how much more efficient than Anarobic?
10x more efficient
Number of ATP varies with
the type of organism/cell
6 sources of energy for activity/metabolism
- Stored ATP
- Creatine Phosphate
- Glucose
- Glycogen
- Fat
- Protein
