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Biology > Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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0
Q

Chemical energy does what?

A

Directly power cell activities.

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1
Q

All organisms depend on what?

A

Chemical energy

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2
Q

Autotrophs are what?

A

Self feeders such as plants, algae and few bacteria.

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3
Q

Heterotrophs are what?

A

Other feeders such as animals, fungus, and most bacteria.

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4
Q

Chemical energy is created within

A

Bonds between atoms.

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5
Q

More atoms with more bonds means

A

More energy.

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6
Q

How is the amount of energy in food measured?

A

Little c calorie and Big/kilocalorie.

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7
Q

A c calorie is

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degrees Celsius.

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8
Q

A kilocalorie is also known as

A

Big calorie

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9
Q

A kilocalorie/big calorie is

A

Larger unit of measurement used as a dietary measurement.

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10
Q

A kilocalorie/big calorie equals

A

1000 c calories

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11
Q

1 gram of glucose equals

A

4 c calories.

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12
Q

1 gram of triglycerides (fats) equals

A

9 c calories.

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13
Q

1 gram of protein equals

A

4 big c calories

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14
Q

Cells don’t really burn energy since

A

Most of it would be lost in heat and light therefore steps are used to create ATP.

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15
Q

Chemical equation for photosynthesis:

A

6H2O+6CO2. < C6 H12 O6 O2

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16
Q

Chemical equation for cellular respiration:

A

6O2+C6H12O6 < 6CO2+6H20+ATP

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17
Q

Exchange of gasses occurs in

A

Breathing

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18
Q

Cellular respiration is

A

Converting chemical in food into a usable form of energy.

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19
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic

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20
Q

Aerobic means

A

Requires oxygen.

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21
Q

Anaerobic means

A

Does not require oxygen.

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22
Q

Aerobic includes

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

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23
Q

Anaerobic includes

A

Glycolysis and fermentation.

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24
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

“Sugar breaking” the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

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25
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A

Transforms one glucose molecules into two pyruvic acid molecules and releases small amounts of ATP.

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26
Q

Glycolysis consists of

A

chemical reactions that are regulated by several specific enzymes.

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27
Q

Glycolysis takes place in

A

Cytosol

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28
Q

The 6-carbon glucose molecule is modified by

A

Spending two ATP.

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29
Q

The 6-carbon molecule splits in half

A

In order to form PGAL.

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30
Q

PGAL is changed by

A

Removing electrons and transferring them to NAD+ to form NADH.

31
Q

NADH acts as an

A

Energy carrier.

32
Q

PGAL continues to be modified by the removal of

A

phosphate to form 4 ATP and pyruvic acid

33
Q

Advantages of glycolysis?

A

Speed;although not efficient

Able to operate in the absence of oxygen.

34
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Process carried out in the absence of oxygen and takes place in the cytoplasm.

35
Q

Additional pathway for anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

Fermentation

36
Q

Fermentation pathways so not

A

Create additional ATP.

37
Q

Fermentation pathways do

A

Convert NADH to NAD+ which allows the continuation of glycolysis to form more ATP.

38
Q

Specific enzymes are used to

A

Regulate each step.

39
Q

Two types of fermentation

A

Alcoholic

Lactic acid

40
Q

Alcoholic fermentation is what?

A

Process that converts pyruvic acid into ethyl acid with co2 as a by product

41
Q

Alcoholic fermentation regenerates

A

NAD+

42
Q

Example of alcoholic fermentation

A

Yeast.

43
Q

Alcoholic fermentation summary equation

A

Pyruvic acid+NADH — Alcohol+co2+Nad+

44
Q

Example products of alcoholic fermentation

A
  • leavened bread : co2 bubbles make bread rise.

- fermented fruits+grains-alcoholic beverage.

45
Q

Lactic acid fermentation is what?

A

Process that concerts pyruvic into lactic acid and regenerates NAD+.

46
Q

Lactic acid fermentation summary equation

A

Pyruvic acid+NADH——lactic acid+NAD plus.

47
Q

Example organisms of lactic acid fermentation.

A

Human muscle cells

Bacteria

48
Q

Example activities of lactic acid fermintation

A

sprint swimming, hockey.

49
Q

Glycolysis provides

A

the source of ATP.

50
Q

Example Bacteria

A

Tetanus; Gangrene; Botulism

51
Q

What is enteric?

A

bacteria within the digestive tract

52
Q

3.5% of stored energy

A

in glucose is trapped in ATP.

53
Q

What is the benefit of energy being trapped in ATP?

A

Speed and can occur with insufficient oxygen.

54
Q

Overview of Aerobic Respiration process:

A

a. Glycolysis
b. Krebs Cycle
c. Electron Transport chain

55
Q

The Krebs cycle continues to break down

A

pyruvic acid (breaking bonds) to form energy carriers NAOH+FADH2.

56
Q

The Electron Transport Chain

A

uses high energy products of krebs cycle to form ATP.

57
Q

Aerobic respiration occurs in

A

Mitochondria

58
Q

Role of Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the Cell

59
Q

Structure of Mitochondria

A

folded inner membrane makes more room for ATP.

60
Q

The Kreb’s cycle is described

A

by Honz Kreb (1937)

61
Q

Kreb’s cycle continues as a cycle sicne

A

original molecule is reformed.

62
Q

One glucose molecules causes

A

2 turns of cycle.

63
Q

The bulk of chemical energy is still trapped

A

in energy carriers

64
Q

What is the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Stage of aerobic respiration that creates ATP from the high energy electrons formed in glycolysis and Krebs Cycle.

65
Q

Location of Electron Transport Chain

A

Mitochondria (inner membrane)

66
Q

In the Electron Transport Chain, high energy electrons from _________ and __________ are passed along a series of protein molecules along the innermembrane

A

NADH and FADH2

67
Q

In electron transport chain Energy is lost and used to drive a

A

Chemiosmosis Process

68
Q

Chemiosmosis operates according to a :

A

Hydrogen-ion concentration gradient.

69
Q

ATP synthase allows the formation of

A

ATP from ADP as the Hydrogen ion moves back across the membrane powered by the spinning turbine.

70
Q

What does Aerobic respiration require?

A

Oxygen

71
Q

Why does Aerobic respiration require oxygen?

A

Oxygen serves a final electron acceptor

72
Q

Percent of Aerobic respiration efficiency

A

36%

73
Q

Aerobic Respiration is how much more efficient than Anarobic?

A

10x more efficient

74
Q

Number of ATP varies with

A

the type of organism/cell

75
Q

6 sources of energy for activity/metabolism

A
  • Stored ATP
  • Creatine Phosphate
  • Glucose
  • Glycogen
  • Fat
  • Protein

Biology (10 decks)

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