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Biology > Chapter 7B 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7B 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the overall function for the cell membrane?

A

Maintain Homeostasis

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2
Q

Interaction of a cell with its surroundings

A

Cells take in nutrients (H2O), salts, minerals) dispose of waste and release cell products such as hormones and neurotransmitters.

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3
Q

What is selectively permeable?

A

some substances can pass across them and others cannot.

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4
Q

The specific structure of the cell membrane depends upon what?

A

the function of that particular cell. EX: Red Blood Cells vs White Blood cells.

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5
Q

Overall description of the cell membrane

A

fluid mosaic level.

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6
Q

What are membrane lipids?

A

Phospholipids

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7
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A

Phosphate Polar Head and Fatty Acid tails

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8
Q

Phosphate Polar heads are…

A

hydrophilic (Love water)

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9
Q

Fatty acid tails are…

A

hydrophobic

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10
Q

Polar heads are found in

A

inside and outside surfaces

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11
Q

Fatty acids are within.

A

membrane

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12
Q

The arrangement of phospholipids determines permeability of substances.

A

Polar vs Non Polar

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13
Q

An additional lipid in the cell membrane

A

Steroids

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14
Q

Function of Cholesterol

A

provide stability

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15
Q

Where are peripheral proteins?

A

on either the interior or exterior surfaces of the membrane.

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16
Q

What is the function of peripheral proteins?

A

involved in the biding mechanisms of molecules to the lipid bilayer and assist their activity

Ex: Enzymes for metabolic activity, interaction with biotocins

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17
Q

Integral proteins are…

A

embedded in the bilayer and are exposed to at least one or both surfaces of the membrane.

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18
Q

Function of Integral proteins…

A
  • control the passage of materials (such as channel protein, gated protein, aquapoins, pump proteins, and carrier proteins)
  • Act as chemical markers in order to be recognized
  • Act as receptors
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19
Q

Example of Chemical markers

A

Glycoproteins: integral proteins having specialized carbohydrate chains

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20
Q

Example of Receptors

A
  • Hormones

- Neurotransmitters

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21
Q

Integral proteins may allow…

A

adjoining cells to directly communicate or anchor together.

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22
Q

What is Passive Transport

A

the movement of materials or substances across the cell membrane without requiring ATP

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23
Q

What is Diffusion

A

the process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area of lower concentration.

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24
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

the difference between concentration of substances

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25
Q

What are examples of diffusion?

A

Perfume, food coloring in water

26
Q

Diffusion is driven entirely by…

A

the kinetic energy of the particles

27
Q

Final result of diffusion is

A

the equilibrium (state of balance)

28
Q

Equilibrium is when

A

the concentration of solutes is equal on both sides of the cell membrane

29
Q

Random movement of particles continues even

A

after equilibrium is reached

30
Q

Factors that influence whether certain types of substance can pass

A

-Size
-Solubility of the molecules with the phopholipid
EX: Nonpolar O2+CO2 can pass while polar H2O cannot.

31
Q

What is the solubility principle?

A

Like dissolves Like

32
Q

What is Osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

33
Q

What are specialized membrane protens

A

Auraporins

34
Q

What is Isotonic?

A

the concentration of solute particles outside the cell is the same as the concentration inside the cell. Osmosis occurs equally into and out of the cell

EX: IV bag with 0.9% equal saline solution

35
Q

What is Hypotonic?

A

the concentration of solute particles outside the cell is lower or less then the inside of the cell.

EX: -IV bag with less than 0.9% saline

   - Red blood cells in pure H20
    - Saltwater fish in fresh water
36
Q

HypOtonic may lead to…

A

cytolysis (dissruption of cells)

37
Q

What is Hypertonic?

A

concentration of solute particles outside the cell is greater than the concentration inside the cell.

EX: -freshwater fish in saltwater

   - Drinking ocean water
   - Gargling salt water.
38
Q

Hypertonic may lead to

A

Plasmolysis

39
Q

Freshwater organisms may have a

A

contractile vacuole to pump out excess water

40
Q

Saltwater fish often possess

A

pumps to extract salts out of the cell

41
Q

Plants possess

A

a central vacuole to store water but also a cell wall to prevent bursting.

42
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

process of moving substances across the membrane, but requires assistance from membrane proteins.

43
Q

Aquaporins are an example of

A

channel proteins that assist water

44
Q

Carrier proteins are

A

membrane proteins to move substances across

45
Q

Facilitaed diffusion is still passive transport since

A

cell ATP is not needed

46
Q

Example of Facilitated Diffusion

A

Transport of glucose.

47
Q

Diffusion may also occur through

A

Ion channels

48
Q

Ion channels are

A

specialized proteins that move ions across the membrane

49
Q

Since ions are charged they are..

A

not soluble in phospholipids and need assitance to pass

50
Q

Ion channels provide passageways for

A

specific ions to pass

51
Q

Active transport is

A

transport that requires energy

52
Q

Cell Membrane Pumps

  • are
  • function
  • EX
A
  • specialized membrane proteins that use energy from ATP to pump small molecules and ions across the membrane.
  • expends ATP
  • sodium potassium, Pump: nerve impulses within neurons.
53
Q

Bulk Transport is used to…

A

transport large quantities of molecules into or out of the cell.

54
Q

What is endocytosis

A

process of moving large quantities of material into the cell.

55
Q

Endocytosis requires

A

the formation of a vesicle (Membrane-bound organelle)

56
Q

Two types of Endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis: (cell drinking) large quantities of fluid.
Phagocytosis: (cell eating) solid materials (certain White blood cells)

57
Q

What is Exocytosis is

A

the process that moving large quantities of material out of the cell.

58
Q

Exocytosis occurs with

A

Golgi Aperatus

59
Q

Endocytosis occurs with

A

Cell membrane

60
Q

Released cell products are often called

A

Secretion

61
Q

Example of Exocytosis

A

The release of neurotransmitters by neurons and the release of hormones by glands.

Biology (10 decks)

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