Cell Division Flashcards
Two types of reproduction
- Sexual
- Asexual
Advantages of Asexual reproduction
- Does not require genetics
- Fast rate of reproduction
Disadvantages of Asexual reproduction
-Lack of Genetic diversity
Advantages of Sexual reproduction
-Genetic Diversity
Disadvantages of Sexual reproduction
- Gametes require time to develop
- May require opposite sex.
In order for cells to carry out life functions, they must have
a complete set of Genetic Instructions
What is the composition of Chromosomes?
- Molecule of DNA, which is tightly wrapped
- Proteins
Chromosome Proteins
- Histomes (Coil DNA and maintain chromosome shape).
- Non-Histomes (Control activity of specific region of DNA).
Chromatid
Half the chromosome that consists of a complete copy of the DNA; sister chromatin are exact copies.
DNA is copied before
cell division so that new cells receive a copy.
Sex chromosomes determine
the individual sex and carry other genetic instructions.
Autozomes are
all the other chromosomes.
Female Chromosome combination
XX
Male Chromosome combination
XY
22 Pairs leads to
44 Chromosomes
What are Homologous chromosomes?
pairs of chromosomes where member of each pair is received from each parent.
What are the similarities in the pairs of Homologous chromosomes?
- Same size
- Same traits
- Position of centromere
What are Karyotypes?
Image of homologous arranged from largest to smallest.
Diploid Number/Cell
cells having both members of each homologous pairs.
Types of Diploid cells
- Somatic Cells
- Body Cells
How many diploid chromosomes to humans and fruit flies have?
Humans: 46 diploid chromosomes
Fruit Flies: 8 diploid chromosomes
What is the haploid number?
Cells having 1 member of each pair or half the total.
Types of haploid cells
-sex cells (gametes)
How many haploid cells do humans and fruit flies have?
Humans: 23 haploid cells
Fruit Flies: 4
What is cell division?
Process by which cells produce new cells; offspring.
Example prokaryotic organism.
Bacteria
Prokaryotic organisms undergo what type of reproduction
Asexual which includes binary fission
Cell division in prokaryotes.
Binary fission.
Eukaryotic organism have
a membrane bound nucleus and organelle.
Example eukaryotic organisms.
Fungus, plants, animals, Protista
What are the two types of cell division?
- mitosis
- meiosis
What is mitosis?
Nuclear decision resulting in new cells with identical genetic material as the original cell
Mitosis occurs in what organisms
Multicellular organisms as part of cell division.
What is the purpose of mitosis?
Growth, repairing damaged cells, replacing dead cells.
What is meiosis?
Nuclear division creating sex cells.
Meiosis also provides
Genetic variety.
What is the cell cycle?
The repeating set of events that make up the life of a cell.
What is interphase?
The time between cell divisions.
Cytokinesis is what?
The division of the cytoplasm.
Interphase represents
Most of the lifetime of a cell.
What is the first stage of interphase?
-G1 phase: cells grow to mature size. Produces proteins and organelles.
G stands for
Gap
What is the second stage of interphase?
S phase. Synthesis of DNA (copying of DNA).
What is the third stage of interphase
G2 phase: gap between DNA replication and mitosis and the cell prepares for mitosis.
What is the fourth stage of interphase?
G0 Phase. Cells that have mature and carry out life functions.
- Cells in G0 stage are NOT copying DNA and are not dividing (nerve cells, liver cells).
What happens to genetic material in prophase
tightly coils from its chromatin form to its chromosome form.
What happens to the nuclear envelope in prophase?
It breaks down
What do centrioles do?
separate and spindle fibers form.
