DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Question 1

What is DNA composed of?

Answer 1

Nucleotides

Question 2

Sub-Molecules of Nucleotides

Answer 2

Pentose Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen base

Question 3

2 types of Nitrogen base? What letters go where?

Answer 3

Purine (A,G)

Pyrimidine(C,T)

Question 4

DNA functions

Answer 4

stores genetic info
copies itself to pass info
contains genes
instructs cell activities

Question 5

Purines pair with….?

Answer 5

Pyrimidines

Question 6

Characteristics of Purines? Pyrimidines?

Answer 6

Purines: Double N-ring, A&G
Pyrimidines: Single N-ring, C&U/T

Question 7

Structure of DNA

Answer 7

2 nucleotides joined by hydrogen bases

double helix

Question 8

What is Chromatin?

Answer 8

DNA strand wrapped around a histone protein

Question 9

What is a chromosome?

Answer 9

Condensed Chromatin

Question 10

What is DNA replication?

Answer 10

Happens before a cell divides:
Complete copy of DNA is made
Occurs in nucleus

Question 11

Steps of DNA replication

Answer 11

Unzipping
Complementary base pairing
Joining of adjacent nucleotides
Proofreading

Question 12

Explain unzippings step

Answer 12

DNA strand unwinds, the helicase breaks H-bonds between the N-bonds.

Question 13

What is a Helicase?

Answer 13

Enzyme

Question 14

Explain complementary base pairing step

Answer 14

DNA nucleotides move into position to bond with their partner in the DNA strand.
(parent strand and daughter strand)

Question 15

Explain joining of adjacent nucleotides step

Answer 15

2 new sugar phosphate backbones form when the enzyme DNA polymerase forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides.
2 new Identical DNA strand (Semi-conservative)

Question 16

Explain Proofreading step

Answer 16

DNA polymerase goes back to check for mistakes (mutations)

Question 17

What is Genetic Engineering?

Answer 17

Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Question 18

What does rDNA stand for?

Answer 18

Recombinant DNA

Question 19

What is rDNA

Answer 19

DNA from one species inserted into another species.

viruses and bacteria

Question 20

What are the steps of rDNA

Answer 20

1. restriction enzymes are used to cut out gene from human DNA molecule
2. Plasmid is removed from bacteria and cut with same restriction enzyme
3. Human gene is inserted into plasmid using liguse (enzyme)
4. rDNA plasmid is put back into bacteria
5. Bacteria divides and the rDNA is replicated

Question 21

What is plasmid?

Answer 21

Circular bacterial DNA

Question 22

Applications of Genetic Engineering

Answer 22

Protein production (insulin)
GMO (giving a new characteristic to an organism  by inserting a foreign gene)

Question 23

Examples of GMO’s

Answer 23

Plants (golden rice)
Bacteria (tooth decay)
Novelty
ETC

Question 24

What is gene therapy

Answer 24

the alteration of afflicted individuals genes (same species)

Question 25

Advantages of Gene Therapy

Answer 25

Can help with genetic diseases

Question 26

Problems with gene therapy

Answer 26

Costly difficult to preform ethical problems

Question 27

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Answer 27

The cytoplasm

Question 28

DNA can't leave the...?

Answer 28

Nucleus

Question 29

RNA structure

Answer 29

Ribose sugar single stranded linear

Question 30

Where is RNA made? where can it function?

Answer 30

made in nucleus | can function outside of it

Question 31

Functions of RNA

Answer 31

Aids in protein synthesis

Question 32

3 types of RNA

Answer 32

mRNA tRNA rRNA

Question 33

Function of mRNA

Answer 33

carries transcribed messages from DNA to ribosome

Question 34

Function of tRNA

Answer 34

carries amino acid that will base pair with mRNA to make a polypeptide

Question 35

Function of rRNA

Answer 35

makes up the ribosome with proteins

Question 36

How does protein synthesis occur?

Answer 36

From protein messages from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to the ribosomes

Question 37

What is a mutation

Answer 37

Permanent DNA change

Question 38

types of mutagens

Answer 38

Chemical-drugs Radiation-UV Biological-Viruses

Question 39

Mutation types

Answer 39

Substitution Deletion Insertion

Question 40

How do you detect gene mutations

Answer 40

For DNA- add radioactive thymine | For RNA- add radioactive Uracil

Question 41

Where do mutations occur?

Answer 41

Somatic Mutation-in body cell | Germinal Mutation-sex cell

Question 42

Does somatic mutation affect offspring?

Answer 42

No, only individual EX)cancer

Question 43

Who does germinal mutation effect

Answer 43

individual and offspring (inheritable) | EX) hemophilia

Question 44

Chromosomal mutations

Answer 44

Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

Question 45

What is a chromosomal mutation?

Answer 45

mutation in all or part of chromosome

Question 46

Explain deletion mutation

Answer 46

end of chromosome breaks off

Question 47

Explain duplication mutation

Answer 47

a chromosome segment is repeated.

Question 48

Explain Inversion mutation

Answer 48

Chromosome piece breaks off and is rotated 180

Question 49

Explain translocation

Answer 49

segment of chromosome moves from 1 to another