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Biology > DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS > Flashcards

DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

Sub-Molecules of Nucleotides

A

Pentose Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen base

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3
Q

2 types of Nitrogen base? What letters go where?

A

Purine (A,G)

Pyrimidine(C,T)

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4
Q

DNA functions

A

stores genetic info
copies itself to pass info
contains genes
instructs cell activities

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5
Q

Purines pair with….?

A

Pyrimidines

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6
Q

Characteristics of Purines? Pyrimidines?

A

Purines: Double N-ring, A&G
Pyrimidines: Single N-ring, C&U/T

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7
Q

Structure of DNA

A

2 nucleotides joined by hydrogen bases

double helix

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8
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

DNA strand wrapped around a histone protein

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9
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Condensed Chromatin

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10
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

Happens before a cell divides:
Complete copy of DNA is made
Occurs in nucleus

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11
Q

Steps of DNA replication

A

Unzipping
Complementary base pairing
Joining of adjacent nucleotides
Proofreading

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12
Q

Explain unzippings step

A

DNA strand unwinds, the helicase breaks H-bonds between the N-bonds.

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13
Q

What is a Helicase?

A

Enzyme

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14
Q

Explain complementary base pairing step

A

DNA nucleotides move into position to bond with their partner in the DNA strand.
(parent strand and daughter strand)

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15
Q

Explain joining of adjacent nucleotides step

A

2 new sugar phosphate backbones form when the enzyme DNA polymerase forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides.
2 new Identical DNA strand (Semi-conservative)

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16
Q

Explain Proofreading step

A

DNA polymerase goes back to check for mistakes (mutations)

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17
Q

What is Genetic Engineering?

A

Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

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18
Q

What does rDNA stand for?

A

Recombinant DNA

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19
Q

What is rDNA

A

DNA from one species inserted into another species.

viruses and bacteria

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20
Q

What are the steps of rDNA

A
  1. restriction enzymes are used to cut out gene from human DNA molecule
  2. Plasmid is removed from bacteria and cut with same restriction enzyme
  3. Human gene is inserted into plasmid using liguse (enzyme)
  4. rDNA plasmid is put back into bacteria
  5. Bacteria divides and the rDNA is replicated
21
Q

What is plasmid?

A

Circular bacterial DNA

22
Q

Applications of Genetic Engineering

A 
Protein production (insulin)
GMO (giving a new characteristic to an organism  by inserting a foreign gene)
23
Q

Examples of GMO’s

A

Plants (golden rice)
Bacteria (tooth decay)
Novelty
ETC

24
Q

What is gene therapy

A

the alteration of afflicted individuals genes (same species)

25
Q

Advantages of Gene Therapy

A

Can help with genetic diseases

26
Q

Problems with gene therapy

A

Costly
difficult to preform
ethical problems

27
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

The cytoplasm

28
Q

DNA can’t leave the…?

A

Nucleus

29
Q

RNA structure

A

Ribose sugar
single stranded
linear

30
Q

Where is RNA made? where can it function?

A

made in nucleus

can function outside of it

31
Q

Functions of RNA

A

Aids in protein synthesis

32
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

33
Q

Function of mRNA

A

carries transcribed messages from DNA to ribosome

34
Q

Function of tRNA

A

carries amino acid that will base pair with mRNA to make a polypeptide

35
Q

Function of rRNA

A

makes up the ribosome with proteins

36
Q

How does protein synthesis occur?

A

From protein messages from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to the ribosomes

37
Q

What is a mutation

A

Permanent DNA change

38
Q

types of mutagens

A

Chemical-drugs
Radiation-UV
Biological-Viruses

39
Q

Mutation types

A

Substitution
Deletion
Insertion

40
Q

How do you detect gene mutations

A

For DNA- add radioactive thymine

For RNA- add radioactive Uracil

41
Q

Where do mutations occur?

A

Somatic Mutation-in body cell

Germinal Mutation-sex cell

42
Q

Does somatic mutation affect offspring?

A

No, only individual EX)cancer

43
Q

Who does germinal mutation effect

A

individual and offspring (inheritable)

EX) hemophilia

44
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

45
Q

What is a chromosomal mutation?

A

mutation in all or part of chromosome

46
Q

Explain deletion mutation

A

end of chromosome breaks off

47
Q

Explain duplication mutation

A

a chromosome segment is repeated.

48
Q

Explain Inversion mutation

A

Chromosome piece breaks off and is rotated 180

49
Q

Explain translocation

A

segment of chromosome moves from 1 to another

Biology (14 decks)

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