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Biology > Cell membrane & Transportation > Flashcards

Cell membrane & Transportation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

Separates cell from the outside environment
Provide structure and protection
Gatekeeper-Controls substances entering and leaving the cell

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2
Q

What does Fluid Mosaic model mean?

A

a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bi-layer of phospholipids

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3
Q

What are the components of a cell membrane?

A 
phospholipid bilayer
proteins
carbohydrates
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
Cholesterol
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4
Q

What do proteins do in the cell membrane?

A

Determine membrane function
transmit chemical signals into the cell
act as carriers for specific substances

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5
Q

What do the carbohydrates do in the cell membrane?

A

attached to the outside and allow the cell to recognize itself

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6
Q

What do Glycolipids do in the cell membrane?

A

phospholipids covalently bonded with carbohydrate chains

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7
Q

What do Glycoproteins do in the cell membrane?

A

proteins covalently bonded with carbohydrate chains

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8
Q

What does cholesterol do in the cell membrane?

A

Reduces membrane fluidity by reducing phospholipid movement

Stops membrane from becoming solid at room temp

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9
Q

Explain how Glycolipids and Glycoproteins work

A

Glyco=suger=carbohydrate

lipids=phospolidids

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10
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

the cell membrane selects what it wants to come in and out of the cell
NOT ALLOWED- large, charged and polar things
ALLOWED-small non-polar things

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11
Q

How do large, charged or polar things get through the cell membrane?

A

through glycoprotein channels

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12
Q

Passive transport VS active transport?

A

Passive- molecules move from high concentration to low concentration to establish equilibrium (no energy required)
Active- molecules move from low concentration to high concentration to establish equilibrium (Requires energy)

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13
Q

3 types of passive transport. What is being transported?

A

Diffusion-passive process of moving molecules through the membrane
Osmosis- The diffusion of water due to the concentration gradient of solutes
Facilitated-molecules unable to pass through the membrane (go through a channel or carrier protein)

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14
Q

How can the rate of diffusion be affected?

A

Concentration- bigger C = faster diffusion
Molecular size- smaller substance = faster diffusion
Temp- faster the temp= molecules move faster
Solubility- soluble molecules= will dissolve through the bilayer faster
Charge- charged molecules do not pass easily

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15
Q

What is the Tonicity of a solution?

A

the solute concentration (affects size and shape of cell)

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16
Q

High solute =?

Low solute =?

A

low water

high water

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17
Q

Explain an Isotonic Solution

A

solution concentration is equal on both sides of membrane (equilibrium)

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18
Q

Explain Hypertonic solution

A

higher solute than solvent (less water outside cell)
water moves out of cell
HYPER PEOPLE GET SKINNY

19
Q

Explain Hypotonic solution

A

Lower solute than solvent (more water inside cell)
water moves into the cell and it explodes (Lysis)
HYPOS ARE FAT

20
Q

Water flows from ______ to ________

A

Water flows from hypotonic solution to hypertonic solutions

21
Q

What is crenation?

A

Red blood cells shrinks and shrivels up

22
Q

What is hemolysis

A

Red blood cells swell and may burst

23
Q

What is Plasmolysis?

A

plant cell membrane shrinks and pulls away from cell wall

24
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

plant cell membrane swells and organ cells are crushed against cell wall

25
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Molecules passing through the cell membrane that normally cannot, so they use a channel or carrier protein.
Specific channel/protein for each moleule

26
Q

What is active transport?

A

Molecules move from low concentration to high concentration against the gradient
Large charged and polar molecules
IONS SUGARS NUCLEOTIDES

27
Q

3 types of active transport

A

Sodium potassium pump
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

28
Q

How does the sodium potassium pump work?

A

Na attaches to carrier protein with ATP and moves across cell membrane
Protein pump changes shape so Na can’t re-enter but K can enter
K attaches and moves across
pump resets
requires ATP

29
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Endo=in
Movement of molecules from outside the cell to inside by forming a vesicle
requires ATP
2 types

30
Q

2 types of endocytosis and how they work?

A

Phagocytosis-cell eating. large particles are ingested and vesicles form
Pinocytosis- cell drinking. small molecules ingested and vesicle forms

31
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Exo=out
Reverse of endocytosis
cell releases contents of vesicle outside the cell

32
Q

Why is cell size important? What is the ideal size/shape

A

important for function and survival

Smaller and funny shape ideal

33
Q

What four factors regulate cell size?

A

Surface area/volume ratio- volume increases faster than surface area
Metabolic rate- high metabolic rate
Nuclear control- to big=nucleus loses control
Support- to big=cell will collapse

34
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts- speed up chemical reactions without being consumed
end in -ase often
are proteins
hydrolysis reaction

35
Q

Why do we have enzymes?

A

Speed up reaction rates in low concentration

forms temporary complex (enzyme substrate complex) so reaction can happen at lower temp

36
Q

What is the enzyme active site?

A

grooves where substrate attaches to enzyme

37
Q

2 models for enzyme attachment?

A

lock and key model-individual substrate fits perfectly into active site
induced fit- substrate binding induces a shape change so substrate can fit

38
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

enzyme made up of 2 pieces- protein portion and a co-enzyme

Co-enzymes attach at the allosteric site and cause enzyme to change shape in order for substrate to fit

39
Q

Where does the co-enzyme attach?

A

Allosteric site

40
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all biochemical reactions

41
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

organized sequence of reactions from substrates to products

42
Q

What lowers the activation energy of a reaction

A

Enzymes

43
Q

Factors that affect reaction rate? (PICT)

A

Concentration- higher=more successful collisions\
Temp-human enzymes are temperature sensitive (above 40 deg =permanent damage)
pH- enzymes have optimal pH
Inhibitors- chemicals that interfere with enzyme action

44
Q

Types of inhibitors?

A

Competitive- compete with substrate for activation site
non-competitive- binds with allosteric site
temporarily changes shape of active site

Biology (14 decks)

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