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Biology Y9 > DNA and Redproduction > Flashcards

DNA and Redproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Fusion of Male and female gametes, non identical offspring, meiosis

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2
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Genetically different, Variation of offspring

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3
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Hard to find a mate, growing offspring takes energy, slower

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4
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

One parent, identical offspring, mitosis, no gametes

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5
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Less effort, dont need to find a mate, increase population, no time wasted

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6
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Genetically identical so could be wiped out by pathogens

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7
Q

Sex cells in plants and animals

A

Pollen and egg, Sperm and egg

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

Starts with parent cell
Chromosomes copy themselves
Similar chromosomes pair up (size)
Sections of DNA swap - differentiate
First cell division separates pairs
Second cell division forms 4 genetically different gametes.

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9
Q

What do the gametes do during fertilisation?

A

Join back up to restore original number of chromosomes.

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

Inter-phase - Cell grows, replicates its DNA and prepares for division.
Pro-phase - the chromosomes condense into an X-shaped structure
Meta-phase - Nuclear membrane breaks down and chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
Ana-phase - the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell
Telo-phase - separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells
Cytokinesis - divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

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11
Q

Gene

A

Short section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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12
Q

Genome

A

Entire genetic material of an organism

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13
Q

Why is it important to understand the human genome

A

search for genes linked to different types of disease. understand inherited disorders and their treatment. trace human migration patterns from the past

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14
Q

Four bases and complementary pairing?

A

A - T
T - A
C - G
G - C

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15
Q

How do bases code for proteins?

A

3 bases form a codon which code for different amino acids which form a chain and fold into correct proteins

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16
Q

DNA polymer

A

contains multiple repeating units

17
Q

How are proteins synthesized on ribosomes?

A

translating the genetic code transcribed in mRNA into an amino acid sequence

18
Q

What do proteins turn into?

A

Enzymes, hormones or structures

19
Q

Mutations

A

Occur continuously and most don’t alter protein

20
Q

What does non-coding DNA do?

A

Can switch genes on and off, so variations in this area of DNA may effect how genes are expressed

21
Q

Genotype

A

gene that an organism carries for a trait

22
Q

Phenotype

A

gene that an organism carries for a physical manifestation that you can observe

23
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of the same gene

24
Q

Dominant

A

When present, this allele always appears in phenotype

25
Q

Recessive

A

When present, allele only appears in homozygous

26
Q

Heterozygous

A

Carrying 2 different alleles of the same gene (xY)

27
Q

Homozygous

A

Carrying 2 similar alleles of same gene (xx)

28
Q

Punnet squares

A

Must fill out grid, label each side as hetero/homozygous, write percentage chance

29
Q

Inherited disorder caused by dominant allele?

A

Polydactyly - Extra finger or toe

30
Q

Inherited disorder caused by recessive allele?

A

Cystic fibrosis - Lung issues, phlegm

31
Q

How many chromosomes are usually in a human?

A

46 (23 pairs)

32
Q

Which chromosomes determine sex?

A

46 chromosome (xx/xY)

33
Q
A
34
Q

DNA

A

is a polymer made up of 2 long strands of small units that repeats throughout the structure called nucleotides

35
Q

Haploid cell

A

4 genetically different gametes produced by sexual reproduction

Biology Y9 (12 decks)

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