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A Bio > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleic acids are

A

Large molecules contained in the nucleus that are important for transferring and storing genetic info

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2
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A

DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA-Ribonucleic acid

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3
Q

Elements in nucleic acids

A

C H O N P

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4
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomers
With a phosphate group,pentose backbone(deoxi or rib) and a base pair

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5
Q

Nucleotides bonding

A

Condensation reaction
Phosphodiester

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6
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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7
Q

What is dna composed of

A

2 polynucleotide strands that are antiparallel

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8
Q

Adenine and thymine H bonds

A

2

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9
Q

Guanine + cytosine H bonds

A

3

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10
Q

Why does DNA with a higher GC content have a higher mp

A

More H bonds to break

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11
Q

How is DNAs structure related to its function

A

-Sugar phosphate backbone gives it strength
-Helical coiled shape=compact
-sequence of bases codes for amino acids
-long molecule=stores large amount of genetic info
-H bonds daily broke for replication and transcription
-Double helix protects bonds
-stable preventing code being corrupted

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12
Q

What is complementary to DNA polymerase 3’ or 5’

A

3’

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13
Q

Dna helicase

A

Breaks H bonds between base pairs

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14
Q

Polymerase

A

Adjacent nucleotides
Forms phosphodiester bonds between phosphate and deoxyribose

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15
Q

How is dna replicated

A

-helicase breaks h bonds between nucleotides
-both strands are used as templates
-free nucleotides are attracted to their complementary base
-polymerase makes phosphodiester bonds between the phosphate and deoxyribose
-2 new strands are made of half the original dna

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16
Q

2 models for dna replication

A

Conservative
Semi conservative

17
Q

Conservative hypothesis

A

1 new DNA molecule made entirely of new material while the other was entirely old material

18
Q

What is an ion

A

An element that has a different number of electrons than it would originally have and has a charge

19
Q

Fe2+

A

Haemoglobin
Help bind to oxygen

20
Q

Nitrate ions

A

Amino acids
Dna

21
Q

Phosphate ions

A

Activate enzymes
So they can hydrolyse

Produce phospholipid

Affect osmosis

22
Q

Sodium ions

A

Are involved in sodium potassium pump in the co transport of glucose

Aid nerve impulses

Is moved by active transport creating diffusion gradient which affects water potential

23
Q

Ca2+

A

Nerve impulses
Muscle contracting
Synapses

24
Q

H+

A

Générâtes ATP

25
Q

• Which scientists came up with a method to test for DNA replication? Date?

A

Meselsohn and Stahl (1958)

26
Q

• They (m+s)used an isotope of which element in their experiment? Can you name them?

A

14N (light nitrogen) & 15N (heavy nitrogen)

27
Q

• Which organism did they(m+ s) use in their experiment?

A

E.Coli bacteria

28
Q

• Why did they(m and s) use bacteria?

A

Bacteria will take in nitrogen from their surroundings into any new DNA they make!

29
Q

Name the 4 bases found in RNA

A

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine & Cytosine

30
Q

Which sugar is found in RNA?
What does RNA stand for?

A

ribose

Ribonucleic acid

31
Q

Is RNA double or single stranded?
Name 3 different types of RNA

A

single

tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

32
Q

tRNA location and function

A

cytoplasm, carries amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

33
Q

rRNA location and function

A

produced in nucleolus found in ribosomes

34
Q

mRNA location and function

A

leaves nucleus and goes to ribosomes – protein synthesis

35
Q

Eukaryotic chromosome structure

A

• ChromosomeslongpiecesofDNAfoundinthe nucleus.
• Chromosomesareonlyvisiblewhenthecellsare dividing (from prophase onwards).
• DNAiswrappedaroundhistoneproteinsforming nucleosomes – these coil up further to form chromatin.
• Thesenucleosomesthencoiluptightlyduringmitosis (and meiosis).
•Telomeres at the end of the chromosomes are repetitive DNA – they offer protection against degradation.

A Bio (34 decks)

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