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MSK- Anatomy > Dissection 5/6- Knee and Anterior/Lateral Leg > Flashcards

Dissection 5/6- Knee and Anterior/Lateral Leg Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Synovial hinge joint

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2
Q

How many articulations does the knee joint have? What are they?

A
  • 3 articulations

- 2 femero-tibial and 1 femero-patellar

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3
Q

Does the fibula take part in the knee joint?

A

No

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4
Q

What are the 2 major and 2 minor movements of the knee joint?

A

Major: flexion and extension
Minor: medial and lateral rotation

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5
Q

What muscles and what nerves take part in flexion of the knee?

A
  • Hamstrings and gastrocnemius via the tibial and common fibular nerves
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6
Q

What muscles and nerve take part in extension of the knee?

A

Quadriceps muscles via the femoral nerve

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7
Q

What muscles and nerves are associated with medial rotation of the knee?

A

Hamstrings and gracilis via the tibial and obturator nerves

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8
Q

What muscles and nerves are associated with lateral rotation of the knee?

A

Biceps femoris via the tibial and common fibular nerves

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9
Q

What are the external and internal layers of the knee joint capsule?

A

External: fibrous layer/capsule
Internal: synovial membrane

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10
Q

What does the internal synovial membrane of the knee joint line?

A

All surfaces of the articular cavity not covered with articular cartilage

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11
Q

What is the infra patellar fat pad? Where is it located?

A

A cylindrical piece of fat which is under and behind the. patellar bone

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12
Q

What structure can be purposely removed in arthroscopic surgery to allow better access to the knee joint?

A

Infrapatellar fat pad

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13
Q

What are the bursa of the knee?

A

Fluid filled sacs and synovial pockets that sometimes communicate with the joint

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14
Q

What are bursae filled with?

A

Synovial fluid

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15
Q

What do the bursae represent within a joint?

A

Weak points

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16
Q

Which bursa is an extension of the synovial cavity?

A

The supra patellar bursa

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17
Q

What is the function of the supra patellar bursa?

A

Reduces friction on the quadriceps tendon during knee movements

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18
Q

Abnormal fluid within the knee joint can fill the supra patellar bursa, causing swelling where?

A

The inferior third of the anterior thigh

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19
Q

What are the important ligaments of the knee joint?

A

Medial and lateral collaterals, anterior and posterior cruciates and the iliotibial tract

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20
Q

The lateral collateral ligament extends in which direction?

A

Inferiorly

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21
Q

Where does the LCL attach to and from?

A

Lateral epicondyle of femur to the lateral surface of the head of fibula

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22
Q

The tendon of what muscle passes deep to the LCL?

A

Popliteus

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23
Q

The tendon of which muscle is split in two by the LCL?

A

Biceps femoris

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24
Q

Which of the collateral ligaments is rounded, cord like and strong?

A

LCL

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25
Q

Which of the collateral ligaments is a strong flat band?

A

MCL

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26
Q

Where does the MCL extend to and from?

A

Medial epicondyle of femur to the medial surface of tibia

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27
Q

Cruciate ligaments are named anterior and posterior according to their site of attachment to where?

A

Intercondylar eminence of the tibia

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28
Q

Which is the weaker of the two cruciate ligaments?

A

ACL

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29
Q

The ACL passes out in which directions?

A

Superiorly, laterally, posteriorly

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30
Q

The ACL attaches where proximally?

A

Lateral femoral condyle

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31
Q

What action does the ACL prevent?

A

Anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur, hyperextension of the knee joint

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32
Q

What test is used for the ACL?

A

Anterior drawer test

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33
Q

Which is the stronger of the two cruciate ligaments?

A

PCL

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34
Q

Where does the PCL lie in relation to the ACL?

A

Medial

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35
Q

What directions does the PCL pass in?

A

Superiorly and anteriorly

36
Q

Where does the PCL attach proximally?

A

Medial femoral condyle

37
Q

What movement does the PCL prevent?

A

Posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur, prevents hyperflexion of the knee

38
Q

What test is used for the PCL?

A

Posterior drawer test

39
Q

What is the main function of the menisci?

A

Shock absorbers

40
Q

Menisci are crescentic discs made of what?

A

Fibrocartilage

41
Q

The menisci assist with stabilisation of what?

A

Curved femoral condyles upon the flatter tibial condyles

42
Q

Where are the menisci thickest?

A

Peripherally (where they are attached to the fibrous capsule)

43
Q

The medial meniscus is attached to which ligament of the knee? What is the clinical relevance of this?

A

MCL

Makes the medial meniscus more susceptible to injury

44
Q

An injury to the medial meniscus would occur after a blow to what side of the knee?

A

Lateral

45
Q

An injury to what 3 structures makes up the unhappy triad?

A
  • Medial Meniscus
  • MCL
  • ACL
46
Q

Both menisci are point anchored anteriorly and posteriorly by attachment to where?

A

The tibial intercondylar area

47
Q

What is genu varum?

A

Bow legged

48
Q

What is genu valgum?

A

Knock kneed

49
Q

Genu varum results in extra stress on what side of the knee?

A

Medial

50
Q

Genu valgum results in extra stress on what side of the knee?

A

Lateral

51
Q

Genu valgum/varum may result in the loss of which structures completely?

A

Lateral and medial menisci respectively

52
Q

The anterior compartment of the leg is bound anteriorly by what?

A

Deep fascia of the leg and the skin

53
Q

What are the bindings of deep fascia found inferior to the anterior compartment of the leg that bind the tendons of the compartment known as?

A

Retinacula

54
Q

What is the purpose of the retinacula?

A

Prevents tendons from bow-stringing anteriorly during dorsiflexion of the ankle

55
Q

Where is the superior extensor retinaculum found?

A

Passing from the tibia to fibula, proximal to the malleoli

56
Q

What does the inferior extensor retinaculum attach to laterally?

A

Anterior calcaneus

57
Q

What does the inferior extensor retinaculum attach to medially?

A

Medial malleolus and medial cuneiform

58
Q

The inferior extensor retinaculum forms a strong loop around the tendons of which muscles?

A

Fibularis tertius and extensor digitorum longus

59
Q

The muscles of the anterior leg compartment are supplied by what nerve?

A

Deep fibular nerve

60
Q

The muscles of the anterior leg compartment all attach proximally to which structures?

A

Tibia, fibula, interosseus membrane

61
Q

What is the distal attachment of the tibialis anterior?

A

base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

62
Q

What is the function of the tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot

63
Q

What is the distal attachment of the EHL?

A

Dorsal aspect of the base of distal phalanx of great toe

64
Q

What is the function of the EHL?

A

Dorsiflexes ankle and great toe

65
Q

What is the distal attachment of the EDL?

A

Middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

66
Q

What is the function of the EDL?

A

Dorsiflexes ankle and lateral 4 digits

67
Q

Where does the fibulas tertius attach to distally?

A

Dorsal of base of 5th metatarsal

68
Q

What is the function of fibulas tertius?

A

Dorsiflexes ankle, everts foot

69
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialise anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis tertius

70
Q

What does the superficial fibular nerve supply?

A

Muscles of the lateral leg and the skin/fascia of the dorsum of foot

71
Q

What does the deep fibular nerve supply?

A

Muscles of the anterior leg and the skin of the 1st interdigital cleft

72
Q

What other structure does the deep fibular nerve accompany in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

73
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery supply?

A

Structures in the anterior leg compartment

74
Q

What two muscles in the anterior compartment does the anterior tibial artery pass down between?

A

Tibialis anterior and EDL

75
Q

Where does the anterior tibial artery end? What does it become?

A

The ankle, between the malleoli. It becomes the dorsalis pedis artery

76
Q

What is the other name for the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Evertor compartment

77
Q

What separates the lateral leg compartment from the anterior leg compartment?

A

Anterior intermuscular septum

78
Q

What is the smallest of the leg compartments?

A

Lateral

79
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus and fibulas brevis

80
Q

What bone do the muscles of the lateral leg compartment attach to proximally?

A

Fibula

81
Q

Where does the fibularis longus attach distally?

A

Plantar surface of the base of the 1st metatarsal

82
Q

Where does the fibularis brevis attach distally?

A

Plantar surface of the base of the 5th metatarsal

83
Q

What is the main action of the lateral leg muscles?

A

Eversion of the foot

84
Q

What are the lateral leg muscles supplied by?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

85
Q

After supplying the lateral leg muscles, what does the superficial fibular nerve continue as? What does it supply?

A

A cutaneous nerve- skin on the distal part of the anterior surface of the leg and nearly all the dorsum of the foot

86
Q

Does the lateral compartment of the leg have an artery running through it?

A

No

87
Q

What is the blood supply to the lateral leg muscles?

A

Proximally- branches of the anterior tibial artery

Distally- branches of the fibular artery

MSK- Anatomy (10 decks)

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