Dispensing & Incompatibilities Flashcards
Small scale of production
Preparation, mixing, assembling, packaging or labeling of a drug
or device
COMPOUNDING
Large scale production
Production, preparation, propagation, conversion or processing of a drug or device, either directly or indirectly, by extraction from
substances of natural origin or independently by means of chemical or biological synthesis, and includes any packaging or
repackaging of the substance(s) or labeling or relabeling of its
container, and the promotion and marketing of such drugs or devices
MANUFACTURING
to refer to compounded prescriptions
PREPARATION
refer to manufactured pharmaceuticals
PRODUCTS
ne that the pharmacist is not expecting to receive nor expecting to receive again
ISOLATED PRESCRIPTION
→ one that the pharmacist may expect to receive in the future on
a routine basis, and there may be some benefit to products quality to standardize preparations like this (Preparation
protocols on file)
ROUTINE PRESCRIPTION
one of which multiple identical units are prepared as a single
operation in anticipation of a receipt of prescription
BATCH PREPARED PRESCRIPTION
Factors to Consider in Compounding (7)
Stability
Compounding support
Training and experience of pharmacist
Equipment
Environmental/compounding facility
Formulas
Chemical supplies
extent to which a preparation retains, within specified limits and throughout its period of storage and use, the same properties and characteristics that is possessed at the time of compounding
STABILITY
is the time and date after which the
compounded product should not be stored nor transported
beyond-use date
is the term for manufactured
products (date assigned)
Expiration date
For non-sterile compounded drug product packaged in tight,
light, resistant containers and stored at controlled room
temperature:
For non-aqueous liquids and solid formulations (manufactured drug product is the source of active
ingredient)
The beyond-use date is _____
The beyond-use date is not later than 25%
of the time remaining until the product’s expiration
date or 6 months, whichever is earlier
For product with A USP or NF substance as the
source of active ingredients → The beyond-use date is _____
The beyond-use date ≤ 6 months
For water-containing formulations (prepared from ingredients in solid form) → The beyond-use date is ____
The beyond-use date is not later than 14 days when stored at cold temp
For all other formulations → The beyond-use date is ______
The beyond-use date is not later than intended duration of therapy or 30 days, whichever is earlier unless there is a supporting valid scientific
stability information applicable to the specific prep
<795> BUD
A non-aqueous formulation (eg, a
capsule without water in it)
6 months maximum BUD
<795> BUD
An oral formulation containing water
14 days under refrigeration maximum BUD
<795> BUD
A topical containing water (eg, ointment)
30 days maximum BUD
(Usually if it contains water, it is
shorter beyond-use date because
of possible microbial contamination)
*Storage Temp
Freezer
between -25C and -10C
*Storage Temp
Cold Temp
not exceeding 8C
*Storage Temp
Refrigerator
thermostatically controlled between 2 and 8C
*Storage Temp
Cool Temp
between 8 and 15C
*Storage Temp
Controlled Room Temp
thermostatically controlled between 20C and 25C with allowed excursions between 15C to 30C
Based on the type and extent of the services one chooses to
provide
EQUIPMENT
[EQUIPMENT]
- for aseptic compounding of sterile solutions
- used to maintain the number of the particulates flowing in the
air
LAMINAR FLOW HOOD
- to maintain temperatures as specified in the USP
REFRIGERATOR
-instrument for determining the relative weights of substances
- should be selected correctly for the specific task at hand
- used skillfully
- protected from damage
- checked periodically
BALANCE
Classification of Balance (4)
Single-beam (equal/unequal arm)
Compound lever
Torsion
Electronic
-used to weigh up to 60 grams of the ingredient depending on the stated capacity
- all prescription departments, like in a hospital pharmacy must have
CLASS A OR CLASS III PRESCRIPTION
BALANCES
other balances may be used aside from Class A, provided they
give equivalent or better accuracy – like __________
electronic single-pan balance
Prescription balance uses the _____ or _____ principle
taut wire frame or
torsion principle
-a class III balance
- have a maximum maintenance
sensitivity of 6 mg with no load
and with full load, used to weigh
quantities up to 60g
PRESCRIPTION BALANCES
-typically this are the type of balances that have the sensitivity of less than 10mg.
-Most accurate compared to class III balance
ELECTRONIC BALANCES
-maximum weight that can be placed on the balance pan
CAPACITY
-or sensitivity requirement or sensitivity reciprocal ; the smallest weight that gives a
perceptible change in the indicating element
SENSITIVITY
In ______ the smallest weight increment that can be read on the digital display of
the balance (eg. 0.001 g)
ELECTRONIC BALANCE
On _______, the smallest weight
increment determined by the value of a hash-mark on the graduated dial or weigh beam
DOUBLE-PAN BALANCE
(Double-pan balance)
on the graduated dial or weigh beam (eg. on metric
scale of the dial, each mark = ____)
0.01g
- reproducibility of the weighing measurement as expressed by a standard deviation
PRECISION
closeness of the displayed weight as measured by the balance, to the true weight
ACCURACY
(SR) = mg
Sensitivity Requirement
The United States Pharmacopoeia, allow a max error of _____ on a single way operation
5%
- very handy and the securely contain substances being weighed
- useful for weighing liquids because they have rigid sides
- more expensive than weighing papers
WEIGHING DISH
Weighing dish is usually made of ______________, with capacity of _____mL
aluminum or polystyrene plastic
5 to 250mL
[Weighing Paper]
preferred and recommended
Glassine Paper
[Weighing Paper]
-more acceptable for most purposes
PARCHEMENT PAPER
[Weighing Paper]
-transparent and water-proof
WAX PAPER
[Weighing Paper]
-usually used for dry powder
SIMPLE BOND PAPER
[Weighing Paper]
- has surface that does not absorb materials placed on them
- drugs and chemicals are easily slipped off for
GLASSINE PAPER
[Weighing Paper]
- more absorbent than glassine and should not
be used for weighing thick liquids like coal tar
PARCHMENT PAPER
Stainless spatulas with ______ or ____ handles
wooden or plastic
Micro Spatulas aka
Small double bladed, nickel stainless steel spatulas
Hard Rubber aka
Teflon-coated stainless-steel spatulas
Flexible rubber spatulas aka
Rubber policeman or Rubber scrapers
Graduates such as cylindrical and conical; pipettes; and medicine dropper
used to measure solvents
Volumetric devices
- to contain that holds particular volume but will not dispense the exact volume (e.g. burettes and beakers)
TC
- to deliver that dispense the volume indicated;
designed to drain by gravity (e.g. pipettes)
TD
are the easiest to use with wide mouths, and bases are the easiest to clean. Liquids may be stirred in them with the aid of a stirring rod
Conical graduates
- as the diameter of the graduate increases, the _______ decreases
accuracy of
the measurement
- plastic or glass, with different capacities and different stern lengths and diameters
FUNNELS
used for transferring solutions from one
container to another and not used for thick emulsions or suspensions
- used for filtering solutions
FUNNELS WITH NARROW STEM DIAMETERS
- used for transferring powder from mortars and
other mixing vessels - may also be used for transferring emulsions or suspensions
FUNNELS WITH SHORT LARGER DIAMETER
STEMS OR POWDER FUNNELS
-ideal for particle size reduction and making
emulsions
- it should not be used for drugs that stain, drugs present in small quantity, and very potent or hazardous drugs
WEDGWOOD MORTARS
- have more attractive white glazed surface
- provide less shearing efficiency than wedgwood and are less durable
PORCELAIN MORTARS
similar to wedgwood mortars but have abradant interior working surfaces and have similar uses and precautions
- less durable than wedgwood mortars
CERAMIC MORTARS
- commonly used in hospitals
- have smooth, non-porous interior surfaces
- useful for drugs that stain
- useful for making solutions and for diluting creams
to lotions
GLASS MORTARS
- preferred for triturating highly potent drugs and to
triturate hazardous drugs - effective as Wedgewood or ceramic mortars in
reducing particle size of powder especially hard
crystals but not efficient for making emulsions and
suspensions
GLASS MORTARS
ANY ingredient for use in compounding a drug product
COMPONENT
- are chemicals, substances or other components of articles
intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of diseases
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
- “Excipients” or “Pharmaceutic aids”
- inert ingredients or inactive ingredients
ADJUVANT
[GRADE]
Highest purity and required for accurate
volumetric analysis
Primary standard
[GRADE]
Very high purity (2)
Spectroscopic Grade
Analytical Reagent
[GRADE]
High purity; Conforms to minimum standards set by the American Chemical Society
ACS
[GRADE]
Meets minimum purity standards: conforms to tolerance set by the USP/NF
USP/NF
[GRADE]
Refined, but still of unknown quality
CP
[GRADE]
Undetermined quality
Technical or commercial
[GRADE]
Certified to meet or exceed the specification prescribed in the food
chemical codex
Unofficial FCC
[GRADE]
Chemicals that have clearance for use in the food
Food Grade
[GRADE]
For cosmetic purposes
Cosmetic grade
- imparts pleasant flavor and often odor to a preparation
FLAVORANT
[Flavoring Methodology]
blend different flavors; most common; appropriate for sour taste
BLENDING
[Flavoring Methodology]
- these are flavors with longer and stronger taste that are added to the obvious taste
OVERSHADOW
[Flavoring Methodology]
- formation of insoluble compounds of the
offending drug
PHYSICAL
[Flavoring Methodology]
- chemical reaction, such as adsorption
or complexation
CHEMICAL
[Flavoring Methodology]
- anesthetizing the taste buds
PHYSIOLOGICAL
Bitter Taste (2)
Chocolate
Anise
Sweet (3)
Fruit
Berry
Vanilla
Sour (4)
Citrus
Root Beer
Anise
Strawberry
Salty (5)
Butterscotch
Maple
Peach
Melon
Raspberry
App. Flavoring Methodology for medication with Sour taste (1)
Blending of Flavor
App. Flavoring Methodology for mdications with bitter taste
Blending
Physiological
Physical
[SOLVENT]
universal solvent, can dissolve both ionic and
polar solutes
WATER
[SOLVENT]
most commonly used as flavoring agents; easily driven off from the solution and easily salted out by electrolytes
AROMATIC WATER
[SOLVENT]
- solvent, flavorant, used as medicinals
SYRUP
[SOLVENT]
- best solvent for phenols, iodine, boric acid, borates, tannic acid and cresol
GLYCERIN
[SOLVENT]
- good solvent for organic compounds such as alkaloids, glycosides, camphor, phenol, tannins, balsams
resins and for some inorganic salts
ALCOHOL
[SOLVENT]
- not preferred for salts because it accentuates
the saline tastE
ELIXIRS
Aromatic elixir, NF contains approx. ____ alcohol
22%
[Oils]
solvents used for IM injection
Peanut, Corn, Sesame, Mineral (PMSC)
used as base for alkaloids
OLEIC ACID
for sprays and drops
OLIVE OIL
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
- agents that increase the thickness or hardness of
the preparation
STIFFENING AGENT
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
vehicle for drug substances formulated into suppositories
SUPPOSITORY BASE
Witepsol is derived from saturated fatty acid, particularly _______
Lauric acid
Wecobee is from _____
COCONUT OIL
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
- agents which reduce interfacial tension
- can also be used as wetting agents, detergents, and emulsifying agents
SURFACTANT
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
- increases viscosity and reduces rate of sedimentation
SUSPENDING AGENT
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
imparts sweetness
SWEETENING AGENT
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
render solutions similar in osmotic dextrose
characteristics to physiologic fluids
TONICITY AGENTS
[TABLET EXC.]
ingredients that
imparts satisfactory characteristics to the
formulation.
Essential components
[TABLET EXC.]
ingredients that imparts
satisfactory compression characteristics. Examples are glidants, anti-adherence, and
lubricant
COMPRESSION AIDS
[TABLET EXC.]
ingredients
that will give additional desirable physical characteristics to the finish tablets
SUPPLEMENTARY COMPONENTS
Are liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents
SOLUTIONS
Most solutions are _____ with the solute
UNSATURATED
The strengths of which are usually expressed in terms of ____
% strength
although for very dilute preparation, ____ are
used
ratio strength
Unsaturated
is the concentration of the solute in the
solution that is below in the solubility limit
Drugs and chemicals are less stable when in solution than when
in ________
dry, solid form
If an ______ of a poorly water-soluble drug is used,
the aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic solution
alcoholic solution
The ___ form of the drug is used
salt
Factors to consider in Preparing Solutions (5)
- Stability
- pH
- Solubility of the chemicals
- Taste (for oral solution)
- Packaging need
stability of the _____ and the preparation as a whole is
considered
active drug
usually stated as the number of parts (by volume) that will
dissolve one part (by weight or by volume of a liquid) of the
substance
SOLUBILITY
Solubility =
g of solute/ml
- prepared by dissolving a solute in the suitable solvent and the
solvent may contain other ingredients which stabilize or solubilize
the active ingredient - uses solute and solvent ; applies stirring or heat
SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
-prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a
suitable solvent
SOLUTION BY CHEMICAL REACTION
- extracting solutions coming from plants or animal products
- produces a product called Extractives
SOLUTIONS BY EXTRACTIONS
Non-sterile Solution (3)
○ Oral solutions
○ Topical solutions
○ Other solutions
STERILE SOLUTIONS (3)
○ Parenteral solutions
○ Ophthalmic solutions
○ Nasal solutions
[Classification]
By site of administration
○ Oral solutions
○ Otic solutions
○ Ophthalmic solutions
○ Topical solution
Based on composition
Syrups
Elixirs
Spirits
Aromatic water
Based on methods of prep and conc.
Tincture and fluid extracts
compose mainly of sugar with aqueous solution; contains high content of sugar or sucrose
SYRUPS
sweet and hydroalcoholic solution
Elixirs
solutions of aromatic material if the solvent is alcohol; contains high content of alcohol
SPIRITS
Oil with Water
Aromatic water
Are solutions prepared by extracting active constituents from crude drugs
Tinctures or Fluid extracts
Aqueous solutions that contain sugar w/ or w/out flavoring
agents & medicinal substances
SYRUPS
[Syrups]
- contain flavoring agents but w/out medicinal substances
NON-MEDICATED OR FLAVORED VEHICLE
[Syrups]
prepared commercially for therapeutic value
MEDICATED SYRUPS
Preparation of Syrups (5)
Solution with heat
Agitation or soln w/o heat
Simple Admixture
Reconstitution
Percolation
is produced by the separation of
fructose in glucose
Invert sugar
is also formed during the inversion of sucrose and sweeter than sucrose
Levulose
- commonly used for parenterals such as powder for inj, powder for suspension
- a simple reconstitution is not an example of extemporaneous compounding
RECONSTITUTION
- method use for syrup according to USP
- in this procedure, purified water or an aqueous solution
is permitted to pass slowly through a bed
Percolation
Clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use
and are usually flavored to enhance palatability
Contains 5-40% alcohol content and >10-12% is considered self-
ELIXIRS
2 Types of Elixirs and 2 Examples
Medicated and Non-medicated
Dexamethasone and Digoxin Elixir
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances
Contains 15-80% alcohol content
TINCTURE
Example of Tincture (1)
Opium Tincture
“Embrocation”
-Primarily used for external application
-Solution or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap, or emulsions and may contain preservatives
LINIMENTS
Uses of Liniments (3)
Rubefacient
Counterirritant
Mildly astringent
External application that causes dilation of the capillaries and increase in the blood circulation
Rubefacient
Applied locally to produce superficial
inflammation to reduce deeper inflammation
Counter irritant
Other Solutions (5)
Enemas
Douches
Otic Solutions
Gargles
Mouthwashes
solutions intended to be administered rectally
Enemas
-Not to be swallowed
-May be concentrated solutions which may contain antiseptics, analgesics, or weak astringents
-Needed to be diluted first with warm water before use
GARGLE AND MOUTHWASHES
A special liquid solution containing pyroxylin (a nitrocellulose) in
a mixture of ethyl ether and ethanol
Colloidons
Colloidons are applied to the skin by means of a soft brush or other suitable applicator and, when the ether and ethanol have
evaporated, leave a film of ______ on the surface
pyroxylin
The official medicated collodion
Salicylic Acid Collodion USP
Salicylic Acid Collodion USP contains _______ in _______ and
is used as a keratolytic agent in the treatment of warts
10% w/v of Salicylic Acid in Flexible Collodion USP
Collodion is made flexible by the addition of ____ and ___
castor oil and camphor
are solutions or mixtures of medicinal substances in not less than 50% by weight of glycerin
Glycerins or Glycerites
administered as nose sprays or nose drops
Nasal solutions
Nasal solutions are ___ to nasal secretions and buffered to normal pH range as nasal fluids
Isotonic
- sterile, non-pyrogenic solutions use to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds, or body tissues
IRRIGATION SOLUTIONS
Aqueous Solutions (9)
Douches
Enemas
Gargles
Mouthwashes
Nasal washes
Juices
Sprays
Otic solutions
Inhalations
Sweet or Viscid
Syrups
Honeys (antibacterial)
Mucilages
Jellies
Non-aqueous
Elixirs
Spirits
Colloidons
Glycerins
Liniments
Oleo vitamin
0.9% Sodium Chloride
Shorthand Notation:
Isotonic pH:
Component:
NS
pH 5.7
154 mEq Sodium
154 mEq Chloride
Ringer’s Injection, USP
Isotonic pH:
Component:
pH 5.8
147 mEq Sodium
4 mEq Potassium
4 mEq Calcium
155 mEq Chloride
Ringer’s Injection, USP
Shorthand Notation:
Isotonic pH:
Component:
LR
pH 6.6
130 mEq Sodium
4 mEq Potassium
3 mEq Calcium
109 mEq Chloride
28 mEq Sodium Lactate (Provides 9 calories/liter)
Consist of particulate matter known as dispersed phase, dispersed throughout a continuous or dispersion medium.
DISPERSED SYSTEM
Internal Phase aka ______
Dispersed Phase
External Phase
Continuous Phase
Dispersed system are classified according to _____
particle size
Molecular Dispersion
size:
category:
<1nm
True Solution
Colloidal Dispersion
size:
category:
1nm - 0.5um
Colloid
Coarse Dispersion
size:
category:
> 0.5um
Suspension & Emulsion
Solid Drug in Liquid Vehicle
Suspension
Liquid Drug in Liquid vehicle
Emulsion
-liquid preparations that consist of solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in which the particles are not soluble
-liquid preparations of drugs containing finely divided drug particles distributed uniformly throughout the vehicle
SUSPENSIONS
-small particles aggregate into clumps or
floccules
- it increases the rate of sedimentation and may
prevent pourability
AGGREGATION
- downward movement
- the velocity of fall of a suspended particle in a
vehicle of a given density is greater for larger particles than is for smaller particles - the greater the density of particles, the greater
the descent
SEDIMENTATION
the suspension shall form loose networks of
flocs that settle rapidly, do not form cakes and
are easy to resuspend
Settling and Aggregation
- may result in formation
of cakes (suspension) that is difficult to resuspend
or phase separation (emulsion)
Settling and Aggregation
Term for collection of particles
Flocs
Natural Polysaccharides (6)
Tragacanth (1-3%)
Acacia gum (10%)
Starch agar
Guar gum
Carrageenan
Sodium alginate (1-2%)
Semi-synthetic polysaccharides (5)
-Methylcellulose
(Cologel®, Celacol®)
1- 7%
-Hydroxyethylcellulose
(Natrosol 250)
-Sodium
carboxymethylcellulose
(Carmellose sodium®)
-Microcrystalline
cellulose (Avicel®)
-Carboxymethylcellulose
(1 3%)
Clays (2)
Bentonite (6%)
Magnesium aluminium
silicate (Veegum®)
Synthetic Thickeners
Carbomer
(Carboxyvinyl polymer, Carbopol®)
Colloidal silicon dioxide
(Aerosil®, Cab-o-sil®)
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
Miscellaneous Thickeners
Gelatin
Used as a
suspending agent and
a viscosity increasing
agent
GELATIN
General Classes of Suspension (3)
-Oral Suspension
-Externally Applied Suspension
-Parenteral Suspension
Are semi solid system made up of either small
inorganic or large organic molecules interpenetrated
by a liquid
GELS
Are dispersion of insoluble inorganic drugs
MAGMAS/MILKS
The liquid dispersions or preparations
containing finely divided insoluble materials intended
MIXTURES
-are either liquid or semi solid preparations that contain one or more active ingredients in and
appropriate vehicle
- can contain antimicrobial preservatives and
stabilizers
- intended to be applied to the unbroken skin without friction
- are usually suspensions of solids in aqueous medium
LOTIONS
Are two-phase systems in which one liquid is dispersed
throughout another liquid in a form of small droplets.
EMULSIONS
A dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small
globules of a liquid distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immisicible.
-Heterogenous system that consist of at least 1 immiscible liquid droplets
EMULSIONS
Liquid droplets or solute
Discontinuous phase/Internal phase/ Disperse phase
Solvent
Continuous phase/External phase/ Disperse medium
- when the oil phase is dispersed as globules
throughout an aqueous continuous phase
Emulsion: OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION (o/w)
- when the oil phase serves as the continuous phase
Water in Oil Emulsion (w/o)
the dispersed phase of these emulsions
contains smaller droplets that are miscible with the
continuous phase
-could be o/w/o or w/o/w
MULTIPLE EMULSIONS
the dispersed phase of these emulsions are in
nanometer size range
-most stable
MICROEMULSIONS
Fusion of the dispersed droplets; reversible
AGGREGATION
complete fusion of droplets; irreversible
COALESCENCE
migration of droplets of internal phase to the top of the emulsions
CREAMING
Downward movement
SEDIMENTATION
the irreversible coalescence of droplets of the
internal phase and separation of the dispersed phase as a
separate layer
CRACKING
when an emulsion changes from o/w to w/o
PHASE INVERSION
The most stable range of dispersed phase conc. is _______
30-60%
Dry Gum is also known as ______
CONTINENTAL METHOD
used for forming emulsions using natural emulsifying
agents (acacia) and requires a specific order of mixing
- it uses 4:2:1 method
-water should be added rapidly
DRY GUM METHOD
421 Method of Dry Gum
○ 4 - Fixed oil
○ 2 - Water
○ 1 - Gum or emulsifying agent
it uses same proportion of ingredients as the dry gum method in
preparing the primary emulsion but requires a different order of mixing
-oil is added slowly
-the product is oil in water emulsion
WET GUM OR ENGLISH METHOD
Acacia Emulsion (o/w)
Primary Emulsion
421 (o/w/a)
Acacia Emulsion (o/w)
Ratio for volatile oils
3:2:1 or 2:2:1
Bottle Method aka
Forbes Bottle Method
- useful for extemporaneous preparations of emulsions from
volatile oils or oleaginous substances or low viscosity
BOTTLE OR FORBES BOTTLE METHOD
Bottle Method Ratio
3:2:1
Beaker Method aka _____
IN SITU SOAP METHOD
- used in preparing emulsions using synthetic emulsifying agents.
- produces a satisfactory preparation regardless of the order of mixing
- involves sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide
BEAKER METHOD / IN SITU METHOD
- means beginning to exist or to develop (preparation of emulsifier)
Uses any of the two soaps – hard soap and soft soap
NASCENT
Prototype of Nascent:
Lime water emulsion
-Acts by lowering the interfacial tension
-Provide a barrier around the droplet as they form and prevent
EMULSIFYING AGENTS
[Emulsifying acc to Function]
capable of stabilizing emulsions by themselves
TRUE OR PRIMARY EMULSIFIERS
[Emulsifying acc to Function]
used in combination with primary emulsifiers
STABILIZERS OR AUXILIARY AGENTS
[Emulsifying acc to Source]
may be derived from vegetable and animal source
NATURAL
[Emulsifying acc to Source]
are anionic, cationic, nonionic
SYNTHETIC
water faces - monovalent, polyvalent and organic soaps
(carboxyl, sulfate, sulfonate)
ANIONICS
quaternary and
pyridinium nitrogen
(benzalkonium chloride)
CATIONIC
(Polyhydroxyl
groups) Spans (1-9) Tweens (11-20)
NONIONIC
emulsifiers and surfactants are characterized by the hydrophilic
lipophilic balance (HLB)
HLB
A relative of polar and non-polar groups
in the surfactant
HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance)
HLB 1-3
ANTIFOAMS
HLB 4-6
WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIFIER
HLB 7-9
WETTING & SPREADING AGENTS
HLB 8-18
OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIFIERS
HLB 13-15
DETERGENTS
HLB 10-18
SOLUBILIZERS
SPAN 80
Sorbitan monooleate
SPAN 60
Sorbitan monostearate
SPAN 40
Sorbitan monopalmitate
SPAN 20
Sorbitan monolaureate
TWEEN 65
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate
TWEEN 85
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate
TWEEN 80
Polysorbate 80
TWEEN 40
Polysorbate 40
TWEEN 20
Polysorbate 20
- forms a good, stable emulsion of low viscosity
- tends to cream easily
- acidic and stable at a pH range of 2-10
- negatively charged, dehydrates easily and usually requires a
preservative
ACACIA
forms a stable emulsion that is coarser than acacia emulsion
- difficult to hydrate
- used mainly for its effects on viscosity
TRAGACANTH
-is an anionic gum that is primarily used to increase viscosity
- its stability is affected by heating, dehydration and destruction
of charge
- susceptible to microbial degradation
AGAR
-used in the same proportion as tragacanth
- favor o/w
PECTIN
-provides good emulsion stabilization in a concentration of
0.05% - 1.0%
- used to produce capsule shells
GELATIN
[Types of Gelatin]
prepared from acid treated precursor; used in acidic media
TYPE A GELATIN (+)
[Types of Gelatin]
prepared from alkali treated precursor; used in basic media
TYPE B GELATIN (-)
-nonionic and induces viscosity
- used as a primary emulsifier with mineral oil and cod liver oil, and yields an o/w emulsion
- usually used in 2% concentration
METHYL CELLULOSE
-anionic and is usually used to increase viscosity; forms o/w
emulsion
- tolerates alcohol up to 40% forms a basic solution, and
precipitates in the presence of free acids
CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE
is added if the preparation is intended to last longer than a few days ○
PRESERVATIVES
Preservatives must be soluble in _____ phase to be effective
water
Preservative combination
Methylparaben (0.2%)
Propylparaben (0.02%)
