Clinical Pharmacy (Heart) Flashcards
The spectrum of acute ischemia related syndromes ranging from UA to MI with or w/o ST elevation that are secondary to acute plaque rupture or plaque erosion
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Shortness of breath
Dyspnoea
Profuse perspiration
Diaphoresis
ECG
Electrocardiogram
A chest pain or
discomfort caused
when the heart muscle
doesn’t get enough
oxygen-rich blood.
Angina
most common form of angina, has a
more predictable pattern,
which is brought on by
exertion, emotional stress,
or a heavy meal , which is
usually relieved by rest ,
nitroglycerin.
Stable (Classic) Angina
Type of angina where rest angina, severe new-onset angina and increasing angina is experienced; Decreased response to rest or nitroglycerin
Unstable Angina
Unstable Angina
Usually is prolonged > 20
min occurring within a week of presentation
Rest Angina
Unstable Angina
angina with 2 months onset of initial
presentation
Severe New-Onset Angina
Unstable Angina
refers to previously
diagnosed angina that is distinctly more frequent, longer in duration, or lower in threshold
Increasing angina
Type of angina where there is coronary artery spasm, artery already has a fixed obstruction, usually occurs at rest, and CCBs are most effective rather than B-blockers.
Prinzmetal’s Angina
Other name for Prinzmetal’s Angina
Vasospastic/Variant
ALT
Alanine Amino Transferase
AST
Aspartate aminotransferase
Used in tx of angina
Nitrates
used in the immediate
treatment of unstable
angina and is used for longterm therapeutic relief .
Intravenous Nitroglycerine
This angina occurs in the
recumbent position and is not
specifically related to either rest
or exertion.
Angina decubitus
Other name of Angina decubitus
Nocturnal angina
reduce oxygen demand, both at rest and during exertion, by decreasing the heart rate and
myocardial contractility, which also decreases arterial
blood pressure
B-Blockers
Should be avoided in Prinzmetal angina and asmatha patients
B-Blockers
These agents prevent and reverse coronary spasm by inhibiting
calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle and myocardial muscle.
This results in increased blood flow, which enhances myocardial
oxygen supply
CCBs
used innstable (exertional) angina that is not controlled by nitrates and β-blockers and in patients
for whom β-blocker therapy is inadvisable
CCBs
death of myocardial cells from
inadequate oxygenation, often caused by a
sudden complete blockage of a coronary
artery; characterized by localized formation of
necrosis (tissue destruction) with subsequent
healing by scar formation and fibrosis
Myocardial Infarction
Drug used as pain relief for MI
Morphine
Bloodthinners for MI
ASA
Anti-platelet for MI
Clopidogrel
Normal Heart Rhythm
60-100 beats per min
Origin of the heartbeat should be
from the ______
SA node
_________ are deviations from the normal heart beat pattern. These disrupts the normal sequence of atrial and ventricular
activation.
Cardiac Arrhythmia
This refers to a slow heartbeat —
a resting heart rate less than 60
beats a minute
BRADYARRYTHMIA
This refers to a fast heartbeat — a
resting heart rate greater than
100 beats a minute.
TACHYARRYTHMIA
A rapid heart rate caused by
chaotic electrical impulses in
the atria. These signals result
in rapid, uncoordinated, weak
contractions of the atria.
The chaotic electrical signals
bombard the AV node…
This is associated with serious
complications such as stroke
Atrial Fibrillation
The heartbeats are more-organized
and more-rhythmic
electrical impulses than in
atrial fibrillation.
This may also lead to
serious complications
such as stroke
Atrial flutter
A broad term that includes
many forms of arrhythmia
originating above the
ventricles (supraventricular)
in the atria or AV node.
seem to cause sudden
episodes of palpitations that
begin and end abruptly
Supraventricular tachycardia
- A type of supraventricular
tachycardia, there is an extra
electrical pathway between the
atria and the ventricles, which is
present at birth. - This pathway may allow
electrical signals to pass
between the atria and the
ventricles without passing
through the AV node, leading to
short circuits and rapid
heartbeats
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
A rapid, regular heart rate that originates with abnormal electrical signals in the ventricles. The rapid heart rate doesn’t allow the ventricles to fill and contract efficiently to pump enough
blood to the body.
Ventricular tachycardia
This occurs when rapid, chaotic electrical impulses cause the ventricles to quiver
ineffectively instead of pumping necessary blood to the body. This serious
problem is fatal if the heart isn’t restored to a normal rhythm within minutes.
Ventricular fibrillation
A heart disorder that carries an increased risk of fast, chaotic heartbeats.
Long QT syndrome
Chest pain aka
Angina
Sudden, heavy sweating
Diaphoresis
anticholonergic drug, blocks vagal
effects on the SA node, promoting
conduction through the AV node.
Atropine
Slow conduction through
the AV node, interrupt reentry pathways
through the AV node.
Adenosine
Sudden cessation of heartbeat
and cardiac function, resulting in
the loss of effective circulation.
Cardiopulmonary
Arrest
Absence of systole; failure of the ventricles of
the heart to contract (usually caused by
ventricular fibrillation) with consequent
absence of the heart beat leading to oxygen
lack and eventually to death.
Cardiopulmonary
Arrest
