Disorders of female breast Flashcards
what is the functional unit of the breast ?
The terminal duct lobular unit TDLU
Lobules and ducts of the breasts are lined by two layers of epithelium…
1) luminal cell
2) myoepithelial cell layer
which epithelium of the breast if for milk ejection?
myoepithelial cell layer
which epithelium of the breast has the inner cell layer for lining the duct and lobules?
luminal cell layer
Breast tissue is hormone sensitive?
yes
Development of the breasts after menarche is primarily driven by what hormones?
estrogen and progesterone;
During pregnancy, breast lobules undergo hypertrophy?
no, its hyperplasia
After menopause, breast tissue undergoes what process?
atrophy.
what is galactorrhea?
Refers to milk production outside of lactation.
what causes galactorrhea?
- nipple stimulation (common physiologic cause)
- prolactinoma of the anterior pituitary (common pathologic cause)
- drugs.
what is Acute Mastitis ?
Breast Abscess
when can Acute Mastitis happen?
early weeks during lactation by bacterial infection
what bacteria can cause acute mastitis?
staph aureus
what is seen on the breast if there is acute mastitis?
replacement of breast tissue with fibrous scar
what can acute mastitis be mistaken with?
breast cancer
what are the gross clinical findings of acute mastitis?
- Breast is swollen, erythematous, and painful
- Purulent nipple discharge
- May progress to abscess formation
what are the micro findings of acute mastitis?
Diffuse infiltration by acute inflammatory cells
what is Traumatic fat necrosis?
trauma to the breast will cause fat to be released leading to inflammation forming a palpable mass
what are the micro findings of traumatic fat necrosis?
- lipid laden macrophages with foreign body giant cells
- fibrosis and dystrophic calcification
what are the gross findings of traumatic fat necrosis?
painless indurated mass that gets painful when its acute there will be a mass and skin retraction
what is fibrocystic changes?
Distortion of normal cyclic breast changes (hormone mediated) leading to fibrosis and cysts
what characterizes fibrocystic changes?
- Fibrosis
- Cystic dilation of terminal ducts
- Ductal hyperplasia
- Sclerosing adenosis.
although benign, fibrocystic changes can be a risk for what?
invasive carcinoma
cysts found in fibrocystic changes can be described how?
fluid-filled and blue (blue dome cysts)
the ductal hyperplasia that occurs in fibrocystic changes can be described as how?
estrogen sensitive
the ductal epithelium changes that occur in fibrocystic changes can show what?
apocrine metaplasia (large pink staining cells) or can show hyperplasia
what is sclerosing adenosis found in fibrocystic changes?
fibrosis of proliferating small ducts
