Disease of Infancy and Childhood 1 Congenital Anomalies Flashcards
what are the four time spans of development and different disorders?
Each stage of development of the infant and child is prey to a somewhat different group of disorders. The data available permit a survey of four time spans: (1) the neonatal period (the first 4 weeks of life), (2) infancy (the first year of life), (3) age 1 to 4 years, and (4) age 5 to 14 years.
cause of death related with age
<1
1-4
5-9
10-14
what are congenital anomalies?
most common cause of mortality when?
definitions
malformations? result of?
disruptions? arise from? ex? heritable?
deformations? fundamental to path of defomations? period of growth? maternal factors? fetal/placental?
definitions
a sequence? example?
malformation syndorome? similar to? ex?
definitions
agenesis?
aplasia?
Atresia?
causes of congenital anomalies in humans
genetic? highest frequency?
environ? highest frequency?
causes of anomalies
three major categories?
g- what syndromes associated? ex? underlie major malformations?
ex?
causes of anomalies
environmental influences- such as?
multifactorial inheritance? iplies? ex? underscored by?
what are the major growth times of organs?
CNS?
heart?
arms?
legs?
eyes?
genetalia?
pathogenesis
two general principles of develop path? 1st
intrauterine develop phases 2
susceptible? peak? whats being made?
pathogenesis
two general principles of develop path? 2nd
ex 3
c- what is it? cause?
v- what is it? cuases?
va- essentail for? defect? 2
prematurity defined as? at risk for?
major risk factors for prematurity include?
4
- Preterm premature rupture of placental membranes (PPROM):
- Intrauterine infection
- Uterine, cervical, and placental structural abnormalities:
- multiple gestation
risk factors of prematurity
PPROM: common? PPROM vs PROM important why? risk factors for it?
Intrauterine infection: major cause of? most common one? key players?
Uterine, cervical, and placental structural abnormal:
multiple gest?
prematurity for the newborn may give rise to the following: 4
fetal growth restriction
undergrown is under what weight?
SGA means? suffer from? result from what? 3
FGR
fetal abnormalities: what are they? such as? show what type of growth restriction?
placental abnormalities: stems from? type of growth restriction?
FGR
maternal abnormalities: including?
FGR infant hardships?
most common cause of respiratory distress in newborn? AKA?
why the name?
untreated infant presentation? weight? association with? may be necessary at birth? 30 min after? imaging? fail to improve situation? situation improves after?
Pathogenesis of RDS
most important substrate it develops upon? RDS to gestational age? fundemental defect in RDS? protein help reduce surface tension?
pressure to breath for first breath? with low what it keeps this? hyaline forms how?
surfactant synthesis and hormones? most important?
synthesis suppressed by?
labor vs c-section?
RDS morphology
lungs on exam? look? density?
microscopically? not developed? in dead infants? made up of?
survive after 48 hrs?
RDS clinical features
prevention via?
how do you estimate surfactant?
ventilator complications? 2
r- phase I /II
b- what do you see?
other complications? most importantly?
Necrotizing enterocolitis
most common with? risk vs age? how common? in what demographic? pathogenesis is?
cases associated with?
important mediator? does what? see higher levels where?
breakdown of what? causes?
clinical course?
necrotizing enterocolitis morph
what parts of intestines affected? these segments look?
micro- what do you see? reparative?
treatment?
perinatal infections
acquired via what routes? 2
ascending (aka): type of infections? fetus acquires infection via?
perinatal infections
hematologic (aka): type of infections? via?
ex?
perinatal infections
sepsis
two groups? acquired when?
most common cause?
Fetal Hydrops
what are they? when?
2 types?
immune hydrops
waht is it?
major antigens known?
underlying basis? when fetal blood cells?
type of antibodies?
Rh major antigen?
factors influence immune response to Rh+ fetal red cells that reach maternal circ: 2
incidence improved since?
pathogenesis in ABO? antibody type?
firstborn?
protection of ABO?
Two consequences of excessive destruction of red cells in neonate? 2
a- mild? severe? lead to?
j-develops from? can cause?
nonimmune hydrops
3 major causes?
rapidly developing as an emerging cause?
10% due to?
Hydrops- morph
most severe manifestation? 3 outcomes?
fetal anemia you would see?
and also see what in plasma?
most serious threat is? look of this?
hydrops clin features
minimally affected infants display?
gravely ill?
treatment?
