Disease, Conditions, and Deformities (Final) Flashcards
Tachypnea
rapid, shallow breathing
- >20 breaths per min
Bradypnea
slow breathing
- <12 breaths per min
Dyspnea
shortness of breath (SOB)
Orthopnea
difficulty breathing when lying down
Kussmauls
“air hunger”
- distressing, paroxysmal dyspnea
- body’s compensation to acidosis
Pectus Carinatum
abnormal cartilage growth causing sternum to protrude from chest
- breast bone is pushed outwards
- “pigeon chest”
Pectus Excavatum
when breast bone is sunken into the chest
Crepitus
unusual popping or crackling
- indicates air in subcutaneous tissue
Pleural Friction Rub
superficial, low-pitched, coarse rubbing or grating sound
- sounds like 2 surfaces rubbing together
- in both expiration and inspiration
- caused by inflammation of parietal and visceral pleura rubbing together
Rhonchi
low-pitched wheezing (like snoring or moaning)
- during expiration
- continuous
- when you have bronchitis, asthma, COPD
Bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchial tubes
- may be productive w/ sputum
- can cause coughing, wheezing, etc
Asthma
hyper-reactive airway disease caused by bronchoconstriction, airways obstruction, and inflammation
Emphysema
destruction of alveolar walls causing permanent abnormal enlargement of the air spaces
- causes 1:1 AP diameter
Pneumothorax
air or gas in the cavity between the lungs and the chest wall, causing collapse of the lung
- decreased chest wall movement on side of injury can occur
- breath sounds over affected area are absent
- tracheal deviation (moves away from the midline and must be seen immediately)
Retraction
when the area between the ribs and in the neck sinks in when a person with asthma tries to inhale
- Ex.) intercostal muscles are drawn inward between the ribs
- indicates airway obstruction
- may occur during pneumonia
Vocal (tactile) Fremitus
feeling the vibrations of the anterior or posterior thorax
- should be equal bilaterally
- may be absent in a healthy person with a high-pitched or soft voice
Atelectasis
collapsed alveoli caused by external pressure from a tumors, fluid, or air in the pleural space
- diminished breath sounds and fremitus, low 02 Sat
Exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs
- sign of hyperthyroidism
Nystagmus
involuntary movement of the eye
Presbyopia
loss of eyes’ lens to accommodate to near vision; occurs around age 40
- leads to farsightedness
Strabismus
cross-eyed, optic axes cannot be directed to the same object
- caused by weakness of extraocular muscles
Myopia
nearsightedness
Hyperopia
farsightedness
Astigmatism
rregular corneal curvature that prevents light rays from being focused clearly on the retina
Enophthalmos
eyelid and lashes are rolled in (trauma, congenital, syndromes)
- eyes are sunken in
Coloboma
a hole in a structure of the eye
Ptosis
lid is covering a portion of the pupil
Leukoplakia
white patch or plaque on oral mucosa that can’t be scraped off
Goiter
enlarged thyroid
- may be seen as fullness in neck
Clonus
neurological condition causing involuntary muscle contractions
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Dysphasia
partial or complete inability to communication, resulting from a brain injury
Receptive/Fluent Aphasia
inability to comprehend the speech of others, spoken words are logical
- Wernicke’s Asphasia: temporal lobe
Expressive/Non-Fluent Aphasia
inability to communicate or express ideas as meaningful speech
Multiple Sclerosis
progressive demyelination of nerve fibers of brain and spinal cord
- typical onset between 20-50 yrs; higher risk among women
- clinical findings depend on the area of affected CNS
Symptoms:
- fatigue
- depression
- paresthesia
- ocular changes
- gait instability
- bowel/bladder dysfunction
Parkinson Disease
a chronic, progressive movement disorder
- results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
occurs when brain cells die from ischemia
- results from thrombus, embolus, or hemorrhage
- clinical findings vary depending on area of the brain involved and extend of ischemic area
Symptoms:
- motor impairments
- bowel and bladder dysfunction
- speech and swallowing difficulties
Cryptorchidism
undescended testicle(s)
Paget’s Disease
rare cancer type involving the skin of the nipple, and usually the areola
- red, scaly nipple with discharge and crusting that lasts more than a few weeks
Gynecomastia
overdevelopment of the male breast(s)
- most prevalent during puberty
- older adult men or men who are overweight
Peau d’Orange
rare form of breast cancer involving the nipple
- thickened skin with large pores
- called this because the skin looks like an orange peel
- can be caused by edema
Witch’s Milk
folk term for the milk that often comes from the breast of a newborn baby
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
1 or more palpable masses that around round, well-delineated, mobile, tender
- cysts fluctuate in size and tenderness with menstrual cycle
Fibroadenoma
mass of glandular and fibrous tissue;
- round, rubbery, mobile, nontender
- doesn’t change with menstrual cycle
- affects women 15-35
- usually unilateral
Mastitis
an inflammatory condition of the breast usually caused by a bacterial infection
- frequently in lactating women
- in nonlactating women it can be caused by nipple rings, breast implants, or trauma
- usually in one area of the breast
- red, edematous, tender, warm to touch, and hard
- axillary lymph nodes are often enlarged and tender, fever & chills, general malaise
Galactorrhea
inappropriate lactation
- caused by endocrine-related disorders like pituitary gland, systemic diseases, and adverse effects of many medication (especially those that interfere with or suppress dopamine)
- manifestation of milky-appearing nipple discharge
Ductal Ectasia
benign breast disease characterized by inflammation and dilation involving one or multiple subareolar ducts
- affects perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
- sticky nipple discharge that is dark green or black, burning or itching of the nipple and edema in the areolar area
Intraductal Papilloma
small, benign tumor growth in the major ducts usually forms within 1 to 2 cm of the areolar edge
- between ages 40 to 60
- spontaneous, bloody discharge from the nipple, painful mass is palpated
Noninvasive Breast Cancer
2 types of breast cancers that are noninvasive; ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
- DCIS is true precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma (DCIS most important)
- most common sign is abnormal mammogram
