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Comprehensive Health Assessments > Chapter 16 & 17: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 16 & 17: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

undescended testicle(s)

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2
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

rare cancer type involving the skin of the nipple, and usually the areola
- red, scaly nipple with discharge and crusting that lasts more than a few weeks

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3
Q

Areolae

A

circular area of the skin that surrounds the nipples at the center of each breast
- abnormal findings are unequal bilaterally, changes in color

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4
Q

Nipple Inversion

A

caused when skin at the base of the nipple attaches to surrounding breast tissue causing the nipple to not protrude
- recent inversion suggests malignancy

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5
Q

Supernumerary Nipple

A

multiple nipples

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6
Q

Thelarche

A

isolated breast development in females aged 6 months to 9 years

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7
Q

Gynecomastia

A

overdevelopment of the male breast(s)
- most prevalent during puberty
- older adult men or men who are overweight

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8
Q

Peau d’Orange

A

rare form of breast cancer involving the nipple
- thickened skin with large pores
- called this because the skin looks like an orange peel
- can be caused by edema

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9
Q

Tail of Spence

A

extension of the tissue of the breast that extends into the axilla

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10
Q

Witch’s Milk

A

folk term for the milk that often comes from the breast of a newborn baby

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11
Q

What are some ethnic, cultural, spiritual variations of breast cancer ?

A
  • white women have the highest rate of new breast cancer
  • black women have the highest rates of mammography screenings
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12
Q

What are some risk factors for breast cancer ?

A
  • females
  • age
  • race
  • alcohol intake
  • reproductive history
  • genetic: BRCA1/BRCA2
  • family history
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13
Q

What are some characteristics of possible Breast Cancer lumps ?

A
  • hard
  • irregularly shaped
  • painless
  • different from surrounding breast tissue
  • skin covering lump may look red
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14
Q

Where is breast cancer in men usually found ?

A
  • underneath the nipple and areola
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15
Q

Fibrocystic Breast Disease

A

1 or more palpable masses that around round, well-delineated, mobile, tender
- cysts fluctuate in size and tenderness with menstrual cycle

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16
Q

Mastitis

A

inflammation of the breast tissue

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17
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

mass of glandular and fibrous tissue;
- round, rubbery, mobile, nontender
- doesn’t change with menstrual cycle
- affects women 15-35
- usually unilateral

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18
Q

What are expected findings of the testicular exam ?

A
  • testicles are firm, rubbery, ovoid, smooth and equal in size
  • scrotal skin is pigmented, rugated, and thin
  • no lesions, nodules, swelling or tenderness
  • left sac is lower than right (spermatic cord longer on left)
  • epididymis collapses when gently compressed; comma-shaped structure that is smooth and non-tender
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19
Q

Why is unilateral pain/tenderness more concerning then bilateral ?

A

bilateral tenderness is most likely a hormonal effect

20
Q

What are the 3 palpation techniques for the breast ?

A

Circular, wedged, or vertical strip

21
Q

Is dimpling a normal finding in breast ?

A

can indicate a malignancy

22
Q

What are some risk factors for Ovarian Cancer ?

A
  • strong family history
  • personal history of breast cancer
  • BRCA1 and BRCA 2 mutation
  • PID
  • nulliparity
  • obesity
  • Estrogen for postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy
  • Age (increased risk with aging)
23
Q

What are some risk factors for Cervical Cancer ?

A
  • persistent infection with HPV
  • sex at a early age, multiple sex partners
  • suppressed immune system
  • cigarette smoking
  • multiple childbirths
  • longterm use of oral contraceptives
  • obesity
  • family history
24
Q

What are some risk factors of Testicular Cancer ?

A
  • age (highest incidence with ages 20-34)
  • Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)
  • family history
  • history of testicular cancer in the other testicle
  • race (highest in white men)
25
Q

What are some risk factors for Prostate Cancer ?

A
  • age (over age 65)
  • race (AA men highest rate)
  • family history
  • dietary intake (high fats, dairy and calcium intake)
  • Lynch syndrome. BRCA1/2
26
Q

What are the recommendations for cervical cancer screenings ?

A
  • pap test should start at age 21
  • 21-29: pap test every 3 yrs
  • 30-65: pap every 3 years or pap/HIV every 5 yrs
  • no testing if have a hysterectomy
27
Q

What are the recommendations for Prostate Cancer screenings ?

A
  • 55-69: discuss with provider the risk/benefits of screening
  • 70+: no screening recommended
28
Q

What helps with reducing breast edema/tenderness ?

A

Vitamin E supplements

29
Q

What are the Breast Cancer screening recommendations ?

A
  • 40-49: for greater then average risk people
  • 50-74: mammography every 2 years (for average risk)
  • keep doing screenings as long as you are in good health and expected to live at least 10+ years
30
Q

What is the most common type of benign breast disease ?

A

fibroadenoma

31
Q

How does your reproductive history affect your risk for breast cancer ?

A
  • if you had your period at an early age or gone through menopause later in life your risk increases
32
Q

How does breast density affect your risk for breast cancer ?

A

increased breast density is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer

33
Q

How is the male breast different from the female ?

A
  • goes through very little additional development after birth
  • thin layer of undeveloped tissue beneath the nipple
  • areola of nipple is small compared to women’s
  • during puberty the male breast may become slightly enlarged (gynecomastia)
34
Q

What is the age of onset and causes for gynecomastia ?

A
  • during puberty
  • in older males because of decrease in testosterone
35
Q

In the female breast what produces the milk ?

A

acini cells

36
Q

What types of tissue is the female breast composed of ?

A

glandular, fibrous, and subcutaneous and retromammary fat

37
Q

What do the Montgomery glands do ?

A

sebaceous glands that aid in lubrication of the nipple during lactation

38
Q

What is breast awareness ?

A

it’s knowing the normal characteristics of your own breasts through doing self-exams every month

39
Q

What is mastitis and the symptoms/signs ?

A

an inflammatory condition of the breast usually caused by a bacterial infection
- frequently in lactating women
- in nonlactating women it can be caused by nipple rings, breast implants, or trauma
- usually in one area of the breast
- red, edematous, tender, warm to touch, and hard
- axillary lymph nodes are often enlarged and tender, fever & chills, general malaise

40
Q

What is Galactorrhea ?

A

inappropriate lactation
- caused by endocrine-related disorders like pituitary gland, systemic diseases, and adverse effects of many medication (especially those that interfere with or suppress dopamine)
- manifestation of milky-appearing nipple discharge

41
Q

What is ductal ectasia and the symptoms/signs ?

A

benign breast disease characterized by inflammation and dilation involving one or multiple subareolar ducts
- affects perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
- sticky nipple discharge that is dark green or black, burning or itching of the nipple and edema in the areolar area

42
Q

What is Intraductal Papilloma and the signs/symptoms ?

A

small, benign tumor growth in the major ducts usually forms within 1 to 2 cm of the areolar edge
- between ages 40 to 60
- spontaneous, bloody discharge from the nipple, painful mass is palpated

43
Q

What is noninvasive breast cancer and the symptoms/signs ?

A

2 types of breast cancers that are noninvasive; ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
- DCIS is true precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma (DCIS most important)
- most common sign is abnormal mammogram

44
Q

How do we assess the breasts of a patient with a mastectomy ?

A
  • do the same breast assessment as all other women with some additions
  • assess the mastectomy site and the scar for malignancy recurrence (possible at scar site)
  • assess for color changes, visible edema, thickening, or lumps
  • pay extra attention to area around the scars
45
Q

Are lymph nodes or massess usually palpable ?

A

no
- enlargement and tenderness of nodes in axilla can indicate infection
- hard. fixed nodules or masses may suggest metastatic carcinoma or lymphoma

46
Q

What is the preferred technique in breast palpation ?

A

vertical strip

47
Q

In what instances is nipple discharge not considered an abnormal finding ?

A
  • during pregnancy or lactation
  • as a side effect of some medications

Comprehensive Health Assessments (13 decks)

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