Chapter 16 & 17: Reproductive System Flashcards
Cryptorchidism
undescended testicle(s)
Paget’s Disease
rare cancer type involving the skin of the nipple, and usually the areola
- red, scaly nipple with discharge and crusting that lasts more than a few weeks
Areolae
circular area of the skin that surrounds the nipples at the center of each breast
- abnormal findings are unequal bilaterally, changes in color
Nipple Inversion
caused when skin at the base of the nipple attaches to surrounding breast tissue causing the nipple to not protrude
- recent inversion suggests malignancy
Supernumerary Nipple
multiple nipples
Thelarche
isolated breast development in females aged 6 months to 9 years
Gynecomastia
overdevelopment of the male breast(s)
- most prevalent during puberty
- older adult men or men who are overweight
Peau d’Orange
rare form of breast cancer involving the nipple
- thickened skin with large pores
- called this because the skin looks like an orange peel
- can be caused by edema
Tail of Spence
extension of the tissue of the breast that extends into the axilla
Witch’s Milk
folk term for the milk that often comes from the breast of a newborn baby
What are some ethnic, cultural, spiritual variations of breast cancer ?
- white women have the highest rate of new breast cancer
- black women have the highest rates of mammography screenings
What are some risk factors for breast cancer ?
- females
- age
- race
- alcohol intake
- reproductive history
- genetic: BRCA1/BRCA2
- family history
What are some characteristics of possible Breast Cancer lumps ?
- hard
- irregularly shaped
- painless
- different from surrounding breast tissue
- skin covering lump may look red
Where is breast cancer in men usually found ?
- underneath the nipple and areola
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
1 or more palpable masses that around round, well-delineated, mobile, tender
- cysts fluctuate in size and tenderness with menstrual cycle
Mastitis
inflammation of the breast tissue
Fibroadenoma
mass of glandular and fibrous tissue;
- round, rubbery, mobile, nontender
- doesn’t change with menstrual cycle
- affects women 15-35
- usually unilateral
What are expected findings of the testicular exam ?
- testicles are firm, rubbery, ovoid, smooth and equal in size
- scrotal skin is pigmented, rugated, and thin
- no lesions, nodules, swelling or tenderness
- left sac is lower than right (spermatic cord longer on left)
- epididymis collapses when gently compressed; comma-shaped structure that is smooth and non-tender
Why is unilateral pain/tenderness more concerning then bilateral ?
bilateral tenderness is most likely a hormonal effect
What are the 3 palpation techniques for the breast ?
Circular, wedged, or vertical strip
Is dimpling a normal finding in breast ?
can indicate a malignancy
What are some risk factors for Ovarian Cancer ?
- strong family history
- personal history of breast cancer
- BRCA1 and BRCA 2 mutation
- PID
- nulliparity
- obesity
- Estrogen for postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy
- Age (increased risk with aging)
What are some risk factors for Cervical Cancer ?
- persistent infection with HPV
- sex at a early age, multiple sex partners
- suppressed immune system
- cigarette smoking
- multiple childbirths
- longterm use of oral contraceptives
- obesity
- family history
What are some risk factors of Testicular Cancer ?
- age (highest incidence with ages 20-34)
- Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)
- family history
- history of testicular cancer in the other testicle
- race (highest in white men)
What are some risk factors for Prostate Cancer ?
- age (over age 65)
- race (AA men highest rate)
- family history
- dietary intake (high fats, dairy and calcium intake)
- Lynch syndrome. BRCA1/2
What are the recommendations for cervical cancer screenings ?
- pap test should start at age 21
- 21-29: pap test every 3 yrs
- 30-65: pap every 3 years or pap/HIV every 5 yrs
- no testing if have a hysterectomy
What are the recommendations for Prostate Cancer screenings ?
- 55-69: discuss with provider the risk/benefits of screening
- 70+: no screening recommended
What helps with reducing breast edema/tenderness ?
Vitamin E supplements
What are the Breast Cancer screening recommendations ?
- 40-49: for greater then average risk people
- 50-74: mammography every 2 years (for average risk)
- keep doing screenings as long as you are in good health and expected to live at least 10+ years
What is the most common type of benign breast disease ?
fibroadenoma
How does your reproductive history affect your risk for breast cancer ?
- if you had your period at an early age or gone through menopause later in life your risk increases
How does breast density affect your risk for breast cancer ?
increased breast density is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer
How is the male breast different from the female ?
- goes through very little additional development after birth
- thin layer of undeveloped tissue beneath the nipple
- areola of nipple is small compared to women’s
- during puberty the male breast may become slightly enlarged (gynecomastia)
What is the age of onset and causes for gynecomastia ?
- during puberty
- in older males because of decrease in testosterone
In the female breast what produces the milk ?
acini cells
What types of tissue is the female breast composed of ?
glandular, fibrous, and subcutaneous and retromammary fat
What do the Montgomery glands do ?
sebaceous glands that aid in lubrication of the nipple during lactation
What is breast awareness ?
it’s knowing the normal characteristics of your own breasts through doing self-exams every month
What is mastitis and the symptoms/signs ?
an inflammatory condition of the breast usually caused by a bacterial infection
- frequently in lactating women
- in nonlactating women it can be caused by nipple rings, breast implants, or trauma
- usually in one area of the breast
- red, edematous, tender, warm to touch, and hard
- axillary lymph nodes are often enlarged and tender, fever & chills, general malaise
What is Galactorrhea ?
inappropriate lactation
- caused by endocrine-related disorders like pituitary gland, systemic diseases, and adverse effects of many medication (especially those that interfere with or suppress dopamine)
- manifestation of milky-appearing nipple discharge
What is ductal ectasia and the symptoms/signs ?
benign breast disease characterized by inflammation and dilation involving one or multiple subareolar ducts
- affects perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
- sticky nipple discharge that is dark green or black, burning or itching of the nipple and edema in the areolar area
What is Intraductal Papilloma and the signs/symptoms ?
small, benign tumor growth in the major ducts usually forms within 1 to 2 cm of the areolar edge
- between ages 40 to 60
- spontaneous, bloody discharge from the nipple, painful mass is palpated
What is noninvasive breast cancer and the symptoms/signs ?
2 types of breast cancers that are noninvasive; ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
- DCIS is true precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma (DCIS most important)
- most common sign is abnormal mammogram
How do we assess the breasts of a patient with a mastectomy ?
- do the same breast assessment as all other women with some additions
- assess the mastectomy site and the scar for malignancy recurrence (possible at scar site)
- assess for color changes, visible edema, thickening, or lumps
- pay extra attention to area around the scars
Are lymph nodes or massess usually palpable ?
no
- enlargement and tenderness of nodes in axilla can indicate infection
- hard. fixed nodules or masses may suggest metastatic carcinoma or lymphoma
What is the preferred technique in breast palpation ?
vertical strip
In what instances is nipple discharge not considered an abnormal finding ?
- during pregnancy or lactation
- as a side effect of some medications
