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Comprehensive Health Assessments > Chapter 12: Heart and Peripheral Vascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Heart and Peripheral Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Angina

A

chest pain or discomfort that happens when the heart doesn’t get sufficient oxygen-rich blood

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2
Q

Ankle/Brachial Index

A

test that compares the blood pressure measured at the ankle with the blood pressure measured at the arm

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3
Q

Aortic Valve

A

heart valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta

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4
Q

Apical

A

pulsation at the apex of the heart

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5
Q

Arteries

A

muscular-walled tubes in the circulation system that transport oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body
- carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and the rest of the body

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6
Q

Amplitude

A

pulse volume; may be described as weak, faint, strong, or bounding

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7
Q

Atrioventricular Valve (AV-valve)

A

valves in the heart that causes blood flow through the heart in one direction from the right side to the left side

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8
Q

Bruit

A

blowing vascular sounds resembling heart murmurs

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9
Q

Carotid

A

blood vessels located on both sides of the neck that deliver blood to the brain and head

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10
Q

Contour

A

smooth outline or shape of carotid arteries with a rapid upstroke and normal strength

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11
Q

Diastolic

A

pressure of blood vessels after the initial force of contraction of the heart
- the minimum amount of pressure exerted on the vessels; this occurs when the ventricles relax and fill with blood

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12
Q

Dorsalis Pedis

A

pulse palpable on the dorsum of the foot in the first intermetatarsal space just lateral to the extensor tendon of the great toe

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13
Q

Edema

A

swelling due to small blood vessels (arteries and veins) leaking fluid into nerby tissues

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14
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

test to evaluate the electrical impulses generated by the heart during the cardiac cycle to assist with diagnosis of cardiac dysrhythmias, blocks, damage, infection, or enlargement

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15
Q

Jugular Vein

A

veins in the neck that drain blood from the head, brain, face and neck and convey it toward the heart

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16
Q

Mitral Valve

A

heart valve that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle to support one-directional blood flow through the heart

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17
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

form of hypotension that:
- is a decrease in systolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 20 mm of mercury
- a decrease in the diastolic pressure of greater than or equal to 10 mm of mercury
- when a patient changes from a recumbent or sitting position to a standing position

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18
Q

Perfusion

A

passage of bodily fluids, such as blood, through the circulatory or lymphatic system to an organ or tissue

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19
Q

Popliteal

A

artery that is primary vascular supply in the region of the knee and lower leg or vein that runs posterior to the popliteal artery and receives blood from multiple tributaries

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20
Q

Posterior Tibial

A

artery that passes posterior to medial malleolus at the ankle

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21
Q

Pulmonic Valve

A

one of four valves that regulate blood flow in the heart; lies between the lower right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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22
Q

Pulse Deficit

A

difference between the apical and peripheral pulse rates

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23
Q

Pulse

A

number of times the heart beats in one minute

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24
Q

Pulsation

A

act of pulsating: beating or throbbing, a beat or throb, as the pulse vibration or undulation

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25
Radial
artery in the wrist
26
Rate
number of contractions
27
Rhythm
amount of electrical energy generated as a heart beats
28
Semilunar Valves
separates and controls the blood flow from the right ventricle of the heart to the pulmonary artery without any backflow - pulmonary and aortic valves
29
Systolic
top number in a blood pressure reading - the maximum pressure exerted on arteries when the ventricles contract or eject blood from the heart
30
Temporal
artery at the temple above the ear
31
Thrill
vibratory sensation felt on the skin overlying an area of turbulence; indicates a loud heart murmur usually caused by an incompetent heart valve
32
Tricuspid Valve
regulates blood flow from the heart's upper right chamber (right atrium) to the lower right chamber (right ventricle)
33
Veins
return blood to the heart; dark red because oxygen has been replaced with carbon dioxide and other wastes - carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart - no (natural) force that propels blood flow - valves, muscle contraction, and pressure gradient have to propel blood to heart
34
What are signs of right-side heart failure ?
- edema - distension in jugular vein - ascites - weight gain
35
What are signs of left-side heart failure ?
- not much edema - back upped blood goes to the lungs - any symptoms that have to do with the lungs (dyspnea, crackles, cough) - more serious since it's the main pumping chamber
36
What is the pneumonic for knowing the cardiac landmarks ?
APETM
37
Where is the aortic valve heard ?
2nd right intercostal space
38
Where is S1 best heard ?
apex of the heart
39
Where is S2 best heard ?
base of the heart - since blood is flowing towards the base
40
Where is the aortic valve heard ?
2nd ICS - RSB
41
Where is the pulmonic valve heard ?
2nd ICS - LSB
42
Where is Erbs point heard ?
3rd ICS - LSB - S1 & S2 heard equally - where murmurs best heard
43
Where is the tricuspid valve heard ?
4th ICS - LSB
44
Where is the mitral valve heard ?
5th ICS - left midclavicular line
45
What side of the stethoscope does the diaphragm listen for ?
high-pitched sounds - (lub/dub)
46
What side of the stethoscope does the bell listen for ?
low-pitched sounds - murmurs
47
How does excess alcohol, cocaine, and nicotine affect the CVPV system ?
- associated with HTN and development of cardiomyopathy - associated with MI (myocardial infraction aka heart attack) and stroke - causes vasoconstriction
48
What is orthostatic hypotension ?
a decrease of SBP of at least 20 mmHg and/or DBP of at least 10 mmHg within 3 mins of standing - associated with fluid volume deficit, antihypertensive medications or prolonged bed rest
49
When palpating the pulses what do you do ?
- use finger pads of first 2 fingers - apply light pressure - feel for rate, rhythm, and amplitude - compare bilaterally (except carotid) - use Doppler to amplify sound if needed
50
What are the different levels of the pulse amplitude ?
0+: absent 1+: diminished, barely palpable 2+: normal 3+: full volume 4+: full volume, bounding 5+: full volume, bounding hyperkinetic
51
What pulse do you palpate 1 at a time ?
the carotid because you don't want to reduce blood flow to the brain
52
What pulse is commonly used in CPR adult assessments ?
carotid
53
What pulse is commonly used in CPR and cap refill in infants/small children ?
brachial
54
What is the Allen's test ?
tests for blood flow or perfusion of the hand through the radial and ulnar artery - color of hand should return within 10 secs and
55
What are the different levels of the edema scale ?
0+: no edema (we don't use 0+ but instead just say "no edema") 1+: (2 mm) barely perceptible but hard to tell 2+: (4 mm) deep pit with rebound in a few secs 3+: (6 mm) comes back in 20-30 seconds and is more deep 4+: (8mm) even deeper with rebound of more than 30 secs of return
56
What should the cap refill in infants be ?
<1 sec
57
What should the angle of the nail beds be ?
160 degrees - >180 degrees is considered clubbing
58
What does the S1 sound mean and what occurs ?
- systolic BP - closing of mitral (M1) and tricuspid (T1) valves at the same time - ventricles contract - beginning of systole - heard best at apex
59
What does the S2 sound mean and what occurs ?
- diastolic BP - closure of aortic (A2) and pulmonic (P2) valves - ventricles relax - beginning of diastole - heard best at base
60
What are examples of abnormal heart sounds ?
- S3: Ken-tuck-y (slosh'ing-in) (s1,s2,s3) - S4: ten-ness-ee (a stiff wall) (s4,s1,s2)
61
Is S3 an abnormal heart sound ?
when blood rushes quickly into the ventricle from the atrium - can be normal in children and pregnant women - when heard in adult over age 30 it can mean CHR, fluid volume overload or abnormal ventricular valves - when heard its right after S2 (.16 secs after) - can be indicative of heart failure (not always)
62
What occurs during S4 and is it abnormal ?
rush of blood heard with atrial contraction against the ventricles after atrial contraction - can be normal in athletes and older adults, and adults younger than age 30 - usually an abnormal sound though - also called noncompliant or stiff ventricle - occurs just before S1 (.20 secs before)
63
What do P-waves mean ?
atrial depolarization (contraction)
64
What does the QRS complex mean ?
ventricular depolarization (contraction) and atrial repolarization
65
What do T-waves mean ?
ventricular repolarization
66
Where is the location of the SA nodes and the function ?
right atrium - determine how much electrical impulse is given and it stimulates the atrium to contract (p-wave) - 60-100 impulses
67
What is the function of the AV node ?
causes ventricles to contract - QRS complex - slow down to 40-60 impulses
68
What is arterial insufficiency (peripheral artery disease) ?
any condition that slows or stops the flow of blood through the arteries - blood can't go back down - commonly because of atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries
69
What are the symptoms of arterial insufficiency ?
- leg pain increases when elevated (painful because your blood isn't going down and working against gravity) - cooler skin temp - minimal or no edema - absence of hair (no blood flow to follicles) - capillary refill >3 secs - diminished/absent pulses - shiny, thin, taut, pale - cramping in legs because of exercise or activity
70
Where can arterial insufficiency happen ?
anywhere in the body - if it affects your heart arteries it can give you a heart attack or chest pain - if it affects brain arteries it can cause a stroke - if it affects in the belly it can cause pain after eating
71
What is venous insufficiency ?
blood can't go back up so it pools
72
What are some symptoms of venous insufficiency ?
- pain is aching or cramping (relieved with elevation) - lower leg edema present (worse in evening since you've been on your feet all day) - skin may feel warm or hot - cramping is not reproducible consistently with exercise - hair may be present or absent - brown color on lower legs - spider and varicose veins - pulses present - ulcerations (medial malleolus) - thick, tough, brawny, woody skin - cap refill <3 secs
73
What is telangiectasias ?
spider veins - are skinnier veins (common in face)
74
What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) ?
when a thrombus (clot) develops within a vein - usually on lower extremity, in deep veins
75
What are some signs/symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) ?
- low grade fever - fatigue - Malaise (sick feeling) - extremity may feel tense, full and heavy - nodules or lumps (inflammation of vein wall) - pain (50% are asymptomatic) - warm to hot OR cool to cyanotic with severe edema - red to blue color
76
What is important about aspirin with blood ?
prevents platelet aggregation (thins blood)
77
What are some health promotion activities that relate to the CVPV ?
- physical activity 30 mins 5x a week prevents coronary artery disease, HTN, and obesity - stress raises BP - caffeine can cause tachycardia
78
What is orthopnea ?
difficulty breathing while lying down
79
Is visible jugular veins normal ?
no
80
When assessing the jugular vein what considerations must be taken ?
- elevate HOB 30-34 degrees - elevate chin slightly and tilt head away from side being examined - visible pulsation is normal but you shouldn't be able to see the jugular vein itself

Comprehensive Health Assessments (13 decks)

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