Chapter 14: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Abduction
A
movement away from the middle of the body
2
Q
Adduction
A
movement towards the middle of the body
3
Q
Active
A
movement of a joint completely solely by the individual performing the exercise
4
Q
Alignment
A
configuration of the human skeletal structure in which the body is perfectly balanced
5
Q
Allis Sign
A
used to assess for hip dislocation, primarily in order to test for developmental dysplasia of the hip
- known as Galeazzi test
6
Q
Atrophy
A
loss of skeletal muscle mass
7
Q
Barlow Maneuver
A
adducting a newborn’s hip towards the midline and apply pressure to see if the femoral head dislocates from the acetabulum
- screens for developmental dysplasia of the hlp
- perform ortolani maneuver to confirm diagnosis
8
Q
Bilateral
A
having or relating to two sides; affecting both sides
9
Q
Bouchard Nodes
A
hard, bony outgrowths or gelatinous cysts on the middle joints of fingers or toes
10
Q
Carpal Tunnel
A
narrow, rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand that houses the median nerve and the tendons that bend the fingers
11
Q
Cervical Spine
A
bones, nerves, muscles, ligaments and tendons in the neck
12
Q
Concave
A
an outline or surface that curves inward like the inside of a circle
13
Q
Contracture
A
permanent tightening of tissue
14
Q
Convex
A
an outline or surface curved like the outside of a circle
15
Q
Crepitus
A
grating, crackling or popping sounds and sensations experienced under the skin and joints or a crackling sensation due to the presence of air in the subcutaneous tissue
16
Q
Deltoid
A
muscle, roughly triangular in shape, that stretches from the collarbone (clavicle) over the shoulder to the upper bone of the arm (humerus)
17
Q
Dorsiflexion
A
movement of the foot (plantar) upward
18
Q
Edema
A
swelling of soft tissues as a result of excess fluid accumulation
19
Q
Extension
A
movement that increases the angle between two muscles or joints
20
Q
External Rotation
A
muscular and joint movement that entails both circular movement and also movement away from the center of the body
21
Q
Extremeties
A
limb or appendage of the body, particularly the hands and feet
22
Q
Eversion
A
turning of a joint outward
23
Q
Flexion
A
movement that decreases, or lessens, the angle between two muscles or joints
24
Q
Gait
A
time interval between two successive steps while walking
25
Heberden Nodes
small fixed bump on the finger (usually the last joint of the finger); a calcified spur of the joint (articular) cartilage and is sign of osteoarthritis
26
Hyperextension
excessive joint movement in which the angle forced by the bones of a particular joint is opened, or straightened, beyond it's normal, healthy, range of motion
27
Internal Rotation
motion around a center of rotation such that the angular motion vector points towards the midline of the body
28
Inversion
turning of a joint inward
29
Kyphosis
increased front-to-back curve of the upper spine
30
Lordosis
anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side
-excessive inward curvature of the spine that can cause pain and discomfort
31
Misalignment
incorrect arrangement or position of something in relation to something else
32
Nodules
small mass of rounded or irregular shape
33
Ortolani Maneuver
technique for reduction of hip dislocation, - using thigh flexion and abduction with anterior movement of the femoral head
34
Passive
movement requiring the patient to relax while the practitioner provides movement to the patient's joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments
35
Phalens
diagnostic test for carpal tunnel
36
Plantar Flexion
Movement of the foot when it is bent at the ankle away from the body; accomplished by flexing muscles in the calf, ankle, and foot
37
Pronation
rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is down (and the corresponding movement of the foot and legs with the sole down)
38
Rotation
circular movement of a joint or muscle that allows the bodily part to move in a circular way
39
Scoliosis
disorder causing curvature in the back
40
Spinal Accessory (CN XI)
cranial nerve essential for neck and shoulder movement
41
Supination
when palms or forearm faces up; when walking weight tends to be more on the outside of foot
42
Swan-Neck Deformity
deformed position of the finger, in which the joint closest to the fingertip is permanently bend toward the palm while the nearest joint to the palm is bent away from it
43
Symmetry
quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis
44
Trapezius Muscle
allows tilting/turning the head and neck, shrugging the shoulders, and twisting the arms; elevates, depresses, rotates, and retracts the scapula, or shoulder blade
45
Ulnar Deviation
causes the joints in the wrist and hand to shift so the fingers bend toward the ulnar bone on the outside of the forearm
46
Unilateral
relating to, occurring on, or affecting only one side of an organ or structure, or of the body
47
What do you use a Goniometer for ?
to measure joint range of motion
48
What is the Lovett scale ?
tool used to grade muscle strength
- 0 (zero): no evidence of contractility
- 1 (trace): evidence of slight contractility
- 2 (poor): complete ROM with gravity eliminated
- 3 (fair): complete ROM with gravity (50% normal)
- 4 (good): complete ROM against gravity with some resistance
- 5 (normal): complete ROM against gravity with full resistance (100% normal)
49
What is spastic paralysis ?
involuntary contraction of muscles that occurs after a spinal cord injury or cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
- muscles are stiff, rigid, and contracted**
50
What is flaccid paralysis ?
lack of muscle tone or deep tendon reflexes after damage to lower motor neurons
51
What is internal rotation ?
turning the part toward midline
52
What is the external rotation ?
turning away from midline
53
What is opposition ?
touching thumb to each finger on same hand
54
What is structural scoliosis ?
lateral curvature of thoracic or lumbar vertebrae (structural)
- most often in adolescence and in females
- treatment includes a brace to prevent further progression of curvature
55
What is functional scoliosis ?
due to unequal leg length, muscle spasms, poor posture
- temporary change
- correct underlying problem to eliminate spinal curvature
56
How do you assess scoliosis ?
- forward flexion at the waist and rise slowly
- shoulders and iliac crests are unequal
57
What is kyphosis ?
excessive convexity of the thoracic spine
- hunchback posture
58
What are some causes of kyphosis ?
- aging
- poor posture
- Scheuermann's disease (unknown cause- a developmental disorder of the spine)
- arthritis
- osteoporosis
- disk degeneration
- fractures
- cancer/cancer treatment
59
What is lordosis ?
excessive concavity of the lumbar spine
- stomach seems to protrude more
- more common in black children
60
What are the causes of lordosis ?
- obesity
- pregnancy
- osteoporosis
- benign (juvenile)
- achondroplasia (associated with short stature in dwarfism)
- kyphosis
61
What causes carpal tunnel syndrome ?
caused by pressure on the median nerve as it travels through the carpal tunnel
- because of repeated movements like typing, playing of the violin, pianists
62
What are some tests that diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome ?
- Tinel's sign
- Phalen's sign
63
What is Tinel's sign ?
where you tap on the median nerve where it passes through Carpel Tunnel (at wrist)
- no pain or tingling is a negative test
64
What is Phalen's sign ?
flex both wrists and press dorsal aspects against each other for 1 min
- if pain, numbness or tingling= positive for carpal tunnel
65
What is rheumatoid arthritis ?
chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease (cause unknown)
- causes destruction of connective tissue
- synovial joints become inflamed causing swelling, which leads to deterioration of cartilage and erosion of bone surface
66
What are some risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis ?
- female (usual onset in 30s and 40s)
- viral infection trigger
- small framed and genetic predisposition
67
What is the onset of rheumatoid arthritis ?
- usually begins insidiously over several weeks to months
- however, can be sudden (24-48 hrs)
- progressive, with exacerbations & remissions
68
What are some symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis ?
- joint involvement is usually bilateral
- pain, edema, stiffness: fingers, wrists, ankles, feet and knees
69
What are some deformities of rheumatoid arthritis ?
- ulnar deviation
- Swan neck
- Boutonniere
70
What is osteoporosis ?
bones become porous due to a loss in bone mass/density (osteopenia) and decrease in bone formation
- known as the "silent disease" because bone loss occurs without signs or symptoms
- leads to increased risk of fractures
- Asians, women, and Caucasians more at risk
71
What are some uncontrollable & modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis ?
- gender, age, body size, ethnicity, bone fractures
- lack of exercise, low calcium, anorexia nervosa, low estrogen levels, smoking, caffeine, alcohol, medication intake
72
What are some risk reduction of osteoporosis ?
- increase physical activity; increase calcium and vitamin D intake
- avoid excessive caffeine, alcohol, steroids, smoking
- estrogen replacement therapy; prevent falls
73
What is osteoarthritis ?
progressive breakdown and loss of cartilage in one or more joints
- degenerative joint disease (DJD)
- caused by wear and tear, and trauma
74
What are some signs/symptoms of Osteoarthritis ?
- Heberden's and Bouchard's node
- joint edema, aching, diffuse pain with movement
- morning stiffness lasts less than 30 mins and decreases with movement
75
What is gout ?
form of arthritis that develops from an increase in serum uric acid causing crystals of uric acid to deposit in one or more joints
- great toe most common place affected (can also occur in wrists, knees, and ankles)
76
What are some signs/symptoms of gout ?
sudden and progressively severe onset of redness, pain, and edema in the affected joint
77
What is hip dysplasia ?
hip socket that doesn't fully cover the ball portion of the upper thighbone
- allows hip joint to become partially or completely dislocated
- commonly born with it
78
What is active ROM ?
movement done by client
- should be smooth and painless through its complete range
79
What is passive ROM ?
examiner moves the relaxed joint through the limits of movement
80
What are the ROM for cervical spine (head and neck) ?
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
- lateral flexion
- rotation
81
What the ROM for the jaw ?
- open and close
- side to side
- protrude and retract
82
What is the ROM for the shoulders ?
- forward flexion
- extension and hyperextension
- abduction and adduction
- internal and external rotation
83
What is the ROM of the thoracic and lumbar spine ?
- flexion
- extension and hyperextension
- lateral bending
- rotation of upper trunk
84
What is the ROM of the elbows ?
- flexion and extension
- supination and pronation
85
What is the ROM of the knuckle joint ?
- metacarpophalangeal flexion, extension and hyperextension
86
What is the ROM of the fingers ?
- flexion (make a fist),extension
- abduction and adduction
- opposition
87
What is the ROM of the thumb ?
flexion, and extension
88
What is the ROM of the wrist ?
- flexion, extension, and hyperextension
- radial deviation, and ulnar deviation
89
What is the ROM of the hips ?
- flexion with knee flexed or knee straight, extension, hyperextension
- abduction, adduction
- internal and external rotation
90
What is the ROM of the knee ?
- flexion and extension
91
What is the ROM of the ankle ?
- dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
- inversion, eversion
- abduction, adduction
92
What is hip dysplasia ?
where the hip socket doesn't fully cover the ball portion of the upper thighbone
- hip can become partially or fully dislocated
- most are born with this condition
93
What are some special considerations with children ?
- outward rotation of lower extremities can be normal in kids 2-3.5 yrs
- inward rotation requires further evaluation
- lordosis is most common in AA kids
