Disease

Question 1

Skin Infections

Answer 1

Rashes, fluid filled blisters, warts, rubella, measals, etc

Question 2

Herpes Simplex Virus

Answer 2

Large enveloped DNA virus, transmitted by direct contact, causes cell lysis resulting in vesicular lesions; remains latent until stimulus reactivates it and it remigrates from the CNS via neurons

Question 3

HSV Treatment

Answer 3

Acyclovir (shortens duration), Abreva (blocks HSV entry), and topical anesthetic

Question 4

Human Papilloma Virus

Answer 4

Trasmitted via skin to skin contact, penetrates via abrasions, enters basal epithelial cells causing replication at an increased rate; infected cells migrate to the surface causing pailommas (tumergenic virus)

Question 5

Agammaglobulinemia

Answer 5

B cell deficiency leading to no humoral response (low to no antibodies) that leaves the immune system vulnerable

Question 6

DeGeorge Syndrome

Answer 6

T cell deficiency due to abnormal thymus resulting in high susceptability to microbial infection and a poor antibody response as B cells need Th to make Ig

Question 7

Sever Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

Answer 7

Precursors for B and T cells fail to form resulting in a complete lack of Cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity

Question 8

Nosocomial Infections

Answer 8

Hospital acquired infections

Question 9

Diptheria

Answer 9

Releases the cytotoxins that block protein synthesis leading to cell death

Question 10

Cholera

Answer 10

Releases enterotoxins that cause hypersecretions

Question 11

Botulism

Answer 11

Releases neurotoxins that cause muscle paralysis

Question 12

Structure of Exotoxins

Answer 12

B subunit for binding, A subunit enters cells and causes toxicity

Question 13

Streptococcus Pyogenes

Answer 13

Upper respiratory infection that attaches to cells using surface proteins, uses droplet transmission, secretes hymolysin which causes hemolysis and non-invasive exotoxins which cause symptoms

Question 14

Scarlet Fever

Answer 14

Results from an untreated strep infection, presents with strawberry tongue and a red rash due to an erythrogenic exotoxin that damages small blood vessels

Question 15

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 15

Results from an untreated strep infection, result of immune complexes accumulating in the glomeruli of the kidneys leading to inflammation, fever, blood in urine, and increased blood pressure

Question 16

Rheumatic Fever

Answer 16

Result of an untreated strep infection that causes an autoimmune disorder where the antibodies to the infection recognize similar proteins in the heart valves and joints as an antigen and can cause heart valve scarring and failure

Question 17

Necrotizing Facitis

Answer 17

Result of strep entering skin abrasions, degrading connective tissue, and allowing for strep to invade deeply

Question 18

Bacterial Pneomonia

Answer 18

Infection of the upper respiratory tract that leads to lung inflammation and fluid accumulation

Question 19

Mycobacterium Turberculosis

Answer 19

Lower respiratory tract infection that is caused by a slow growing acid fast bacteria, with all symptoms caused by the immune response; Treated with continuous use of Rifampin (blocks RNA sythesis), and Soniazid (blocks mycolic acid synthesis in cell walls) for 6-9 months

Question 20

Primary TB

Answer 20

Airborn transmission brings Mtb into the lungs, where they are ingested by phagocytes, survive the ingestion and multiply inside the phagocytes then kill the phagocytes; After approximately 3 weeks Th cells are released and stimulate macrophages to engulf them and form tubercules that often calcify holding Mtb in a dormant state until they are activated

Question 21

Secondary TB

Answer 21

Dormant Mtb is activated and bursts free from tubercules causing a delayed hypersensitivity reaction that brings back symptoms

Question 22

Staphyloccus aureus - external

Answer 22

Skin and soft tissue gram positive bacteria that migrates down hair follicles into the sebaceous gland causing inflammation, treated by draining pus

Question 23

Scalded Skin Syndrom

Answer 23

Caused by staph aureus releasing an exotoxin (exfolian) which destroys the material holding the epidermis to the dermis

Question 24

Staphylococcus aureus - less external

Answer 24

Causing food poisoning by growing on contaminated foods left at room temperature, releasing enterotoxin A which doesn’t degrade during cooking and causes diarrhea

Question 25

E. coli 0157:H7

Answer 25

Enteric bacteria that causes an enterohemorrhagic infection by attaching to the gut endothelium with pili, best treated with fluids because killing the bacteria causes it to release toxins that cause complications (HSV)

Question 26

HSV

Answer 26

A complication from an E. Coli infection leading to RBC lysis, kidney damage and possibly kidney failure

Question 27

Vibrio cholera

Answer 27

Water born gram positive bacteria that causes enteric infections by using pili and adhesion proteins to attach to intestinal walls, releases an exotoxin that causes hypersecretion leading to severe diarrhea and death from dehydration, vaccine dukoral used for high risk locations

Question 28

Helicobacter pyloria

Answer 28

Gram negative rod that causes stomach ulcers by releasing urease which neutralizes stomach acid allowing for the bacteria to become embedded in the walls causing inflammation and localized destruction

Question 29

Neisseria gonorrhea

Answer 29

Gram negative cocci that attaches to epithelial cells via pili and causes a fever (LPS) and tissue damage (bacterial release for reinfection); Often asymptomatic in women, causes urethral inflammation in men (can lead to arthritis, skin rashes, heart/liver failure if it makes it to the blood); May cause infertility, has IgA protease that attacks human IgA proteins; Diagnosed via PCR from urine, resistant to most antibiotics and no vaccine; cannot be cultured

Question 30

Treponema pallidum

Answer 30

Syphilis, a gram negative bacteria transmitted directly generally entering through abrasions; Used to be treated by inducing a fever

Question 31

Primary Syphilis

Answer 31

Occurs when Tp begins to multiply, LPS causes a fever, and a chancre appears (between 10-60 days - source of transmission)

Question 32

Secondary Syphilis

Answer 32

5-10wks after an untreated chancre has healed if bacteria spread to the blood stream, causes a wide spread rash and flu like symptoms

Question 33

Latent Syphilis

Answer 33

Asymptomatic stage during which the bacteria is dormant

Question 34

Tertiary Syphilis

Answer 34

Latent Tp is reactivated triggering a delayed hypersensitivity response that may result in CV and NS damage, as well as gummas (destructive legions)