Digestive System Flashcards by Lauren Shaw

What is the function of the alimentary canal?

Digest & absorb food.

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What is the function of the accessory digestive organs?

Assist in mechanical and chemical breakdown of digested food

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what is the function of the mucosa layer?

secretions, protection against infections, absorption of products

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what is the function of the submucosa layer?

made of dense connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels. Submucosal nerve plexuses are embedded.

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what is the function of the muscularis external?

responsible for segementation and peristalsis, form sphincters that can control movement

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what is the function of the parasympathetic control?

“wine and dine” or “rest and digest” Mostly works through the vagus nerve

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What is the function of the sympathetic control?

mostly works through thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord to slow down digestion

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What is the function of the hard palate?

helps with chewing and formation of bolus

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what is the function of the soft palate?

closes off nasopharynx during swallowing

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What does the uvula do?

projects down from its edge

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What is the function of the intrinsic salivary gland?

Keeps the mouth moist

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What is the function of the extrinsic salivary gland?

Produce secretions when chemoreceptors get stimulated. Contains the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands

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What are the functions of saliva

99 % water and 1% solutes
slightly acidic
contains electrolytes, enzymes and defensive compounds

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Parasympathetic

Increases activity

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Sympathetic

decreases activity and leads to dry mouth

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What is the function of the tongue?

Repositions and mixes food while chewing.
Attached to the floor via lingual frenum

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How many baby teeth do we have?

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How many adult teeth do we have?

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What are the incisor teeth used for?

Cutting

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What are the canines used for?

Tearing

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What are the molars used for?

Grinding

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What is the function of the pharynx?

Allowing for passage of food, fluids and air

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What is the function of the esophagus?

Flat muscular tube from laryngopharynx to stomach.
Pierces diaphragm at esophageal hiatus
Joins stomach at cardiac orfice

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What is deglutition?

Movement of food from the mouth into the stomach (swallowing)
Control center in the medulla and lower pons

What is the buccal stage?

mouth to oropharynx

what is the pharyngeal stage?

Bolus moves from pharynx to esophagus

what is the esophageal stage?

Bolus passes through esophagus to stomach

What are the regions of the stomach?

cardiac region, fungus, body and pyloric region

What are mucous neck cells?

Secrete thin, acidic mucus

What are chief cells?

Peptic cells, secrete pepsinogen onto the stomach surface which is then converted to pepsin

What is the intrinsic factor?

Only essential substance produced by the stomach

What are gastric secretions regulated by?

neural and hormonal regulations

Once the bolus is combined with the gastric secretions it becomes?

chyme

What are the functions of the liver?

largest gland in the body production and release of bile processing nutrients

Where does the liver receive blood from

Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein

What are the functions of the gall bladder?

Receives bile from the liver (cystic duct) stores and concentrates bile Releases via the bile duct

Gallbladder contraction is stimulated by?

Cholecystokinin from intestinal cells exposed to protein and fats

What are the functions of the pancreas?

secretes pancreatic juice (alkaline)

What hormones does the pancreas create?

Insulin and Glucagon

All secretions enter the small intestine (duodenum) at the?

hepatopancreatic ampulla

What is the function of the small intestine?

major organ of digestion and absorption contains the duodenum, jejunum and ileum

What is the function of the duodenum?

chemoreceptors that analyze chyme and release chemical messengers. Site where secretions from the liver and pancreas are mixed with food

What cells do the small intestines contain/

absorptive, goblet, paneth, enteroendocrine cells

What is the main function of the large intestine?

propulsion of feces towards the anus

What is diverticulitis?

when sac-like pouches of the colon have weakened and become inflamed when something gets stuck

What is hepatitis?

Inflammation of the liver

What is hepatitis A?

spread by fecal contamination of toys, etc

What is hepatitis B?

Spread via sexual activity or used syringes

What is hepatitis C?

Similar to B, but can cause cirrhosis and liver cancer

What is the most important carb?

Glucose

Triglycerides are considered?

Neutral fats used for energy storage

What is the main function of proteins?

Can be used as fuel to generate ATP if lacking in carbs and fat in diets

Most vitamins function as?

Coenzymes

what is anabolism

require energy

what is catabolism

release energy

Any excess glucose stored in the body is referred to as?

Glycogenesis

what is the major energy fuel?

Glucose

what hormone regulates all processes of the absorptive state?

Insulin