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Nutrition, Health And Husbandry > Digestion And Absorbtion > Flashcards

Digestion And Absorbtion Flashcards

1
Q

What does the mouth do?

A

Where digestion begins
• Dentition
• Tongue

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2
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

➢Amylase and lipase
➢Acts as a buffer
➢Antimicrobial compounds

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3
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Stores food
•Mechanical and
chemical digestion
•Parietal cells produce gastric acid
•Chemical digestion – pepsin and lipase

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4
Q

What is the structure of the small intestine?

A

• Main organ involved
•Over 6m long
• Chemical digestion
• Nutrients absorption ➢ Huge surface area

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5
Q

Where is the duodenum?

A

• First section of small intestine
• Food mixes with enzymes and digestive juices

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6
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A
  • liver and gall bladder
  • pancreas
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7
Q

What is the function of the liver and gall bladder?

A

• Produces bile which is
stored in gall bladder until required
• Breaks down fat molecules

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8
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes digestive enzymes:
➢Lipase
➢Amylase
➢Protease
• Bicarbonate rich pancreatic juices

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9
Q

What does the colon do(large intestine)?

A

• Reabsorb water
• More than 90% reabsorbed
➢If too little absorbed: diarrhoea
➢If too much absorbed: constipation

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10
Q

What is the function of the flora( large intestine)?

A

• Contains bacteria which produce vitamins (K, biotin, folic acid)
• Generate gases as a by-product
•e.g. Escherichia coli

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11
Q

What is the function of the rectum( large intestine) ?

A

• Last section of the digestive system
• Eliminates faeces:
➢ Undigested materials
➢ Salts
➢ Bacteria

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12
Q

What is the hind- gut fermenters?

A

• Cecum
• First part of the large
intestine
• Enlarged in herbivores
•Digestion of cellulose/fibre
• Bacteria produce enzymes - help fermentation

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13
Q

How has the koala adapted it’s digestive system?

A

• Survive on diet of eucalyptus (200-500g a day)
• Very large cecum (200cm)
• Bacteria and microbes break down the fibre making it easy to digest
• Only 25% of fibre eaten can be absorbed

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14
Q

What is the structure of the mucosa? ( intestinal wall structures)

A

•Inner most layer
•Mucosal ducts and
glands:
➢Generate mucous
➢Moves digested material
•Highly folded
•Villi

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15
Q

What is the structure of the villi? (Intestinal wall structures)

A

• 1 cell thick
• Increase surface area
• Contain lacteal and blood
vessels
• Lacteal:
➢ Absorb fat and fat-soluble vitamins to lymph
➢ Helps fight infections

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16
Q

What does the circular muscle do?

A

➢Forms ring around intestine

17
Q

What does the longitudinal muscle do?

A

➢Runs lengthwise along intestine
• Moves food along via peristalsis

18
Q

What if the structure of the serosa?

A

•Smooth membrane
•Thin layer of connective tissue
•Serous fluid

19
Q

What is the process of movement & control?

A

• Peristalsis:
➢Rhythmic waves
➢2 sets of muscle are involved
• Sphincters

20
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Set of metabolic pathways that synthesise large molecules from smaller ones

21
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Set of metabolic pathways that breakdown larger molecules to smaller ones
- catabolism supplies the energy for anabolism

22
Q

What are the 4 stages of digestion?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion:
    ➢ Mechanical
    ➢Chemical/biological
    ➢3. Absorption: via diffusion and active transport
  3. Elimination
23
Q

What are the steps in carbohydrate digestion?

A
  1. Mouth: salivary amylase
  2. Duodenum: Pancreatic amylase
  3. Small intestine: lactase, sucrase and maltase
  4. Carbohydrates broken down into their monosaccharides
  5. Absorbed across intestinal wall
  6. Processed by liver and stored as glycogen
24
Q

What are the steps in lipid digestion?

A
  1. Mouth: lipase
  2. Stomach: enzymes and stomach
    acid
  3. Duodenum: bile from gall bladder turns fat into droplets
  4. Pancreas: produces lipase
  5. Absorption across intestinal
    membrane
  6. Into lymph vessels
  7. Lymph deposits back into bloodstream
25
Q

What are the steps in protein digestion?

A
  1. Stomach: pepsin
  2. Small intestine: protease
  3. Broken down into amino acids
  4. Absorbed through small intestine into blood
26
Q

What is ruminant digestion?

A

• Cattle, sheep, deer, goat, camels
• Adapted digestion
• Multi-chambered stomach: rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum

27
Q

What is the difference between ruminant & monogastric digestion?

A

Ruminant:
Mouth,oesophagus, stomach(reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum), small intestines(liver, pancreas), large intestine.
Monogastric:
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestines( pancreas, liver), large intestines

28
Q

What is the structure of the mouth( ruminant digestion) ?

A

• Large muscular tongue
• Chew briefly in 2 stages:
1. Lower incisors against hard dental pad
2. Molars to grind down further
• Saliva does not contain enzymes

29
Q

What is the structure of the rumen stomach( ruminant digestion) ?

A

➢First and largest
➢Food is stored
➢Lack enzymes
➢Bacteria and protozoa produce enzymes
➢Produce Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)
➢VFAs are absorbed through rumen wall- primary source of energy ➢Internal surface covered in papillae

30
Q

What is the structure of the reticulum stomach( ruminant digestion) ?

A

➢Separated from rumen by muscle fold
➢“Honeycomb filter”
➢Acts as screening device
➢ Larger particles sent back to rumen or oesophagus
➢ Common health issue is hardware disease ➢ Smaller particles filter straight into omasu

31
Q

What is the function of the omasum(ruminant digestion)?

A

➢Lots of folds of tissue
➢ Absorbs excess water and
nutrients
➢ Filtration: only allows small particles into abomasum

32
Q

What does the abomasum do(ruminant digestion)?

A

➢“True stomach”
➢Final breakdown
➢Produces HCl and digestive enzymes for further breakdown

33
Q

What if the difference between small intestine & large intestine function?

A

• Small intestine = digestion and absorption
• Villi
• Receive secretions from gall bladder, pancreas and liver
• Large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus) absorbs water and excretion

34
Q

What are the 2 stages in partrition of protein(ruminant digestion)?

A
  • rumen degradable protein
  • Direct digestion of undegradable dietary protein
35
Q

What are the the steps in rumen degradable protein?

A

➢ Digested by rumen microbes into amino acids, ammonia and nitrogen
➢ Nitrogen provides growth for microbes
➢ Some microbes pass through digestive system

36
Q

What are the steps in direct digestion of undegradable dietary protein?

A

➢Occurs in abomasum
➢Protein microbes cannot break down
➢ Similar to breakdown of protein in monogastric stomach

Nutrition, Health And Husbandry (34 decks)

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