Diabetes type 1

Question 1

Diabetes type 1

Answer 1

• Destruction of pancreatic Beta islet cells by T lymphocytes
• Autoimmune condition
• Maybe genetic assoc with HLA gene
• 10% of people have it

Question 2

4 major symptoms + pathophys

Answer 2

1. Polyphagia - excess eating due to excess hunGER
   • Adipose tissue breaks down lipids for energy as body has no access to glucose as it is trapped in blood
   • Muscle breaks down proteins
   • Weight loss and need to eat
2. Glucouria - Increased glucose level in urine
3. Polyuria - Excess glucose brings in excess water by osmosis so more urine
4. Polydypsia- dehydration - result of more urine loss

Question 3

Diabetic ketacidosis pathophys

Answer 3

1. Lipid to fatty acids in adipose tissue to compensate for lack of glucose
2. Liver turns fatty acids into ketone bodies
3. Ketone bodies can be used by cells for energy
4. Excess ketone increase acidity of blood

Question 4

Impact of diabetic ketacidosis

Answer 4

1. Kussmaul respiration - deep and labored breathing to reduce CO2 in the blood
2. Hyperkalemia - excess H+ in blood stimulates excess K+ leaving the cells by affecting transporters
   • Excess K+ in blood
3. High anion gap - difference in positive and negative ions

Question 5

Causes of diabetic ketacidosis

Answer 5

1. Stress- infection causing epinephrine release which stimulates glucagon release
   • Excess glucagon releases increase glucose
   • Catabolic state - need for alternative energy
   • Generation of ketone bodies

Question 6

Clincal features of ketacidosis

Answer 6

Ketogenesis symptoms
• Abdominal pain
• Vomitting
• Respiratory compensation
Hyperglycaemia symptoms
•Thirst
• Polyuria
•Dehydration