Diabetes Flashcards
what is glucose stored as in the liver
glycogon
when can glucose not enter the cell
when there is no insuline to help it enter the cell and leave the blood stream
where is insuline stored
in the beta cells in the pancrease
Explain what happens in a normal person when blood sugar is high
Pancreas releases insuline– causes glucose to enter cells or saved in the liver as glycogon as liver
Explain what happens in a normal person when blood sugar is low
pancreas releases glucogon– the liver will release glucogen– turns it into glucose.
what does the liver store
glycogen
what does the pancrease store
insuline and glucogon
Hypoglycemia treatments
Fast acting simple carbs- sugar, honey, dextrose
D50- 50% dextrose IV
what are the organ issues with diabetes
arteriosclerosis when glucose sticks to the vessle walls
artheriosclerosis also causing plaques- heart disease, MI, strokes from weakning of vessles, hypertension, increasing resistance of vessles. decreased wound healing from decreased compromised vessles.
what is DKA and which type does it occour in
Type 1 (burning ketones because they dont have any insuline) Diabetic Keto Acidosis
what is the difference between type 1 and type 2
type 1 dont have any insuline at all
type 2 have insuline resistance due to cell damage or age
symptoms of DKA
excessive thirst
frequent urination
nausea/vomiting
breathlessness
How is DKA diagnosed
Blood gasses to see if the blood is acidic
full blood count including potasium and sodium to check metabolic function
chest x-ray to look for signs of infection
HHS
common in type 2. High blood sugars without the presence of ketones.
Polyurea
polyurea - frequent urination.
Water moves to lower concentration where glucose is. It leaves the cell and travels to the blood stream and in turn makes the kidneys produce urine.
Polydypsea
Excsessive thirst due to polyurea
Polyphasia
Extreme hunger due to burning ketones
what are the symptoms in type 1 diabetics for hypoglycemia
3 P’s
polyurea
polydypsea
polyphasia
what is the phenumonic for signs in type 1 and type 2
SUGAR slow wound healing blUry vision Glycosuria (glucose leaking into urine) Acitone breath- only type 1 rashes on the skin
acitone breath is present in which type?
type 1
which type is ketones present in the urine?
type 1 only
why might insuline need to be adjusted?
Insulin dosage should be reduced when fasting for surgery, when not eating, or when hypoglycemia occurs. Illness or infection may increase insulin requirements.
what is the rationale for diet and lifestyle advice for diabetics?
A diet low in fat and high in fiber helps to control cholesterol and triglycerides
why is skin integrity and checking for it important in diabetes
reduced sensitisation increases the likely hood of burns, cuts and abrasions that are left un-noticed
interventions for skin integrity in a diabetic?
Do not walk bare food- can lead to trauma
Wash feet daily and cut toe nails straight- reduces ingrown toe nails and infection
change socks daily and wear white ones- reduces infection and can see abrasions easily.
skin assessment daily- checking for neuropathy or pressure on thin skin areas as theyre at risk of ulceration.
wearng space boots, foot cradles and pressure relief matress to prevent pressure.
desired outcomes/goals for diabetic patients
Patient to demonstrate effective foot/ skin care that remains in tact.
patient to demonstrate knowledge on the symptoms of hypo and hyperglycemia and diet independently.
Minimising sensory impairment disturbances linked with delirium in hospital- schedule routines, promote sleep etc.
Increase energy levels if fatigued
Discuss ways of conserving energy while bathing, transferring, and so on
Increase participation in ADL’s as tollerated
Increase awareness of infection- educate patients to look for signs of infection
