Cardiology

Question 1

3 layers of the heart

Answer 1

epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 2

List symptoms of cardiac diease

Answer 2

chest pain 
rest pain 
palpitations
breathlessness 
dizziness 
syncope 
leg swelling/oedema

Question 3

which ventricles cause high lood pressure

Answer 3

When the left ventricle contracts, blood is forced onto the aorta. The expansion of the vessel walls is the measure of blood pressure.

Question 4

what number is considered high blood pressure

Answer 4

140/90 however 220 on the NEWS2

Question 5

What is Essential hypertension

Answer 5

primary hypertension that is present for no apparent reason may be genetic/inhereted

Question 6

what is secondary hypertension

Answer 6

due to another cause:
kidney disease
drug treatment
aortic senosis 
pregnancy

Question 7

what is the diagnostic procedure for blood pressure

Answer 7

monitor fitted for 24 hour period

measured 2x per day and 1x overnight

Question 8

other than blood pressure monitoring what other diagnosis treatments can be ran for high blood pressure diagnosis

Answer 8

ECG
Urine sample albumnin: creatnin ratio
blood tests for glomerular filtration rate & creatnin

Question 9

List the lifestyle interventions for hypertension

Answer 9

Diet and Exercise patterns 
Alcohol consumption 
Caffine consumption 
salt intake 
Smoking 
Relaxation therapies

Question 10

List the 2 medicine managments for hypertension

Answer 10

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (e.g. Lisinopril, Ramipril)
and
Calcium channel blockers (e.g. Amlodipine)

Question 11

what physiology occours with coronory heart/artery disease

Answer 11

The hearts blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a blockage or build-up of plaque in the arteries.

Question 12

What is the difference between artheosclerosis and arteriosclerosis

Answer 12

Atheo is the natural hardening of the artery that restricts blood flow.
Arterio is the formation of plaques

Question 13

what is angina

Answer 13

chest pain by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles

Question 14

Why is angina predictable

Answer 14

patients with coronary artery disease have:
decreased oxygen supply at rest
An increase in activity results in an insufficient oxygen supply and results in chest pain, leading to myocardial isechema

Question 15

How can you diagnose angina

Answer 15

Exercised on a treadmill 
Calcium count 
Given a drug that increases heart rate 
ECG changes 
Coronary angiogram performed though a catheter

Question 16

What medicine may be prescribed for angina

Answer 16

GNT spray
Beta blockers to slow the heart down
Calcium channel blockers

Question 17

what is a myocardial infarction

Answer 17

a heart attack

Question 18

List some of the ways you can diagnose a myocardial infarction

Answer 18

Blood tests showing electrolite changes
present serum enzymes 
ECG changes 
ST elevation 
T wave inversion 
Increased Cardiac Troponin

Question 19

List the treatments of a Myocardial Infarction

Answer 19

Fit a STEMI or NSTEMI 
Asprin 
Beta blockers
statins 
Ace inhibitors

Question 20

what does the P wave represent

Answer 20

Represents the left and right atrium and should be no more than 2.5mm tall or 11seconds in length

Question 21

what do the qrs nodes indicate

Answer 21

The ventricular depolarisaton- contraction of the ventricles

Question 22

T wave indication means…

Answer 22

ventricular repolarization- The return to resting state

Question 23

Artheosclerosis

Answer 23

plaque development or plaque rupture.

Low density proteins (LDL) bind to the vascular wall and cause build up.

Question 24

Tests and Diagnostics for atheosclerosis

Answer 24

ECG
Blood tests- ruling LDL and cholestrol levels
stress test- to see if angina becomes present and monitor rythm during exorsion

Question 25

Nursing interventions for patients with coronary artery disease

Answer 25

Education
Importance of lab results to keep LDL down
Avoidance of situations which inhibits angina such as stress, excersize, large meals and extranious temperatures.
Monitoring of regular blood pressure because hypotension creates strain on vessles
Low cholestrol diet

Question 26

Medications used for coronary artery disease

Answer 26

Anti-platlets (Asprin) & (Plavix) to prevent clotting.
Nitrates (GTN) dialates the blood vessles to allow blood flow.
Cholestrols (Statins) Decreases LDL, increases HDL, cholestrol.
Beta Blockers- Decreases BP putting less strain on heart
ACE Inhibitors- Blocks the angio converting enzyme from 1 to 2 which lowers BP.

Question 27

What should patients be cautious of with plavix?

Answer 27

Prevents blood flow to vital organs- should take regular blood counts- notify a doctor of bruising, fever or unirnating problems.

Question 28

what should coronary artery disease patients be cautious of when using beta blockers

Answer 28

checking regular BM’s because beta blockers can mask the side effects of hypoglycemia

Question 29

A patient has tried GTN spray 3 times to relieve unstable angina, what do they do?

Answer 29

call 999

Question 30

what is a healthy level for total cholestrol

Answer 30

5 or below

Question 31

what is a healthy level for HDL

Answer 31

1 or above

Question 32

what is a good level for LDL

Answer 32

3 or below

Question 33

what is a good level for non HDL (bad cholestrol)

Answer 33

4 or below

Question 34

what is a good level for trigylgcasides

Answer 34

2.3 or below

Question 35

how does arteriosclerosis form

Answer 35

when the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body (arteries) become thick and stiff

Question 36

what is coronary artery disease

Answer 36

When atherosclerosis narrows the arteries close to your heart, you may develop coronary artery disease, which can cause chest pain (angina), a heart attack or heart failur