Cardiology Flashcards
3 layers of the heart
epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
List symptoms of cardiac diease
chest pain rest pain palpitations breathlessness dizziness syncope leg swelling/oedema
which ventricles cause high lood pressure
When the left ventricle contracts, blood is forced onto the aorta. The expansion of the vessel walls is the measure of blood pressure.
what number is considered high blood pressure
140/90 however 220 on the NEWS2
What is Essential hypertension
primary hypertension that is present for no apparent reason may be genetic/inhereted
what is secondary hypertension
due to another cause: kidney disease drug treatment aortic senosis pregnancy
what is the diagnostic procedure for blood pressure
monitor fitted for 24 hour period
measured 2x per day and 1x overnight
other than blood pressure monitoring what other diagnosis treatments can be ran for high blood pressure diagnosis
ECG
Urine sample albumnin: creatnin ratio
blood tests for glomerular filtration rate & creatnin
List the lifestyle interventions for hypertension
Diet and Exercise patterns Alcohol consumption Caffine consumption salt intake Smoking Relaxation therapies
List the 2 medicine managments for hypertension
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (e.g. Lisinopril, Ramipril)
and
Calcium channel blockers (e.g. Amlodipine)
what physiology occours with coronory heart/artery disease
The hearts blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a blockage or build-up of plaque in the arteries.
What is the difference between artheosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
Atheo is the natural hardening of the artery that restricts blood flow.
Arterio is the formation of plaques
what is angina
chest pain by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles
Why is angina predictable
patients with coronary artery disease have:
decreased oxygen supply at rest
An increase in activity results in an insufficient oxygen supply and results in chest pain, leading to myocardial isechema
How can you diagnose angina
Exercised on a treadmill Calcium count Given a drug that increases heart rate ECG changes Coronary angiogram performed though a catheter
What medicine may be prescribed for angina
GNT spray
Beta blockers to slow the heart down
Calcium channel blockers
what is a myocardial infarction
a heart attack
List some of the ways you can diagnose a myocardial infarction
Blood tests showing electrolite changes present serum enzymes ECG changes ST elevation T wave inversion Increased Cardiac Troponin
List the treatments of a Myocardial Infarction
Fit a STEMI or NSTEMI Asprin Beta blockers statins Ace inhibitors
what does the P wave represent
Represents the left and right atrium and should be no more than 2.5mm tall or 11seconds in length
what do the qrs nodes indicate
The ventricular depolarisaton- contraction of the ventricles
T wave indication means…
ventricular repolarization- The return to resting state
Artheosclerosis
plaque development or plaque rupture.
Low density proteins (LDL) bind to the vascular wall and cause build up.
Tests and Diagnostics for atheosclerosis
ECG
Blood tests- ruling LDL and cholestrol levels
stress test- to see if angina becomes present and monitor rythm during exorsion
Nursing interventions for patients with coronary artery disease
Education
Importance of lab results to keep LDL down
Avoidance of situations which inhibits angina such as stress, excersize, large meals and extranious temperatures.
Monitoring of regular blood pressure because hypotension creates strain on vessles
Low cholestrol diet
Medications used for coronary artery disease
Anti-platlets (Asprin) & (Plavix) to prevent clotting.
Nitrates (GTN) dialates the blood vessles to allow blood flow.
Cholestrols (Statins) Decreases LDL, increases HDL, cholestrol.
Beta Blockers- Decreases BP putting less strain on heart
ACE Inhibitors- Blocks the angio converting enzyme from 1 to 2 which lowers BP.
What should patients be cautious of with plavix?
Prevents blood flow to vital organs- should take regular blood counts- notify a doctor of bruising, fever or unirnating problems.
what should coronary artery disease patients be cautious of when using beta blockers
checking regular BM’s because beta blockers can mask the side effects of hypoglycemia
A patient has tried GTN spray 3 times to relieve unstable angina, what do they do?
call 999
what is a healthy level for total cholestrol
5 or below
what is a healthy level for HDL
1 or above
what is a good level for LDL
3 or below
what is a good level for non HDL (bad cholestrol)
4 or below
what is a good level for trigylgcasides
2.3 or below
how does arteriosclerosis form
when the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body (arteries) become thick and stiff
what is coronary artery disease
When atherosclerosis narrows the arteries close to your heart, you may develop coronary artery disease, which can cause chest pain (angina), a heart attack or heart failur
