Cancer Flashcards
Describe mitosis
Is division of a somatic cell that results in 2 identical daughter cells.
Stages of mitosis
G1- interphase where cell DNA is copied
S- 46 chromosomes are dublicated
G2- cell doubble checks for any errors
mitosis- cells are expelled.
The cell has a variation of size and shape, the nucli is rapid and abnormal what is this?
Cancerous cell
Define cancer
Abnormal cell regulation where the function of cell production becomes abnormal and unpredictable.
Benign
Harmless and does not require intervention
Maliginant
Indicates cancer and can be harrmfull with no intervention
what is metastasis
ability to spread
what is proliferation
uncontrolled growth
what does carcinoma mean
maliginant tumour of epithelial organ
neoplasm
newly formed tumour
most common cancer in both genders?
Lung
Causes of cancer
Sunlight smoking obeasity high fat diet infections: HPV, Epstein Bar Alcohol
Explain the grading for cancer T grading in an example o the bowel
T1- bowel tissue only
T2- Grown into the muscular layer of bowel
T3- Has grown through muscle into the outer tissues
T4- Has grown to surrounding organs such as liver
Explain the grading for cancer N grading
N0- No lymph node involvment
N1- 1 to 3 lymph nodes surrounding the tissue contain cancer
N2- 4 or more cancer cells grown more than 3cm away from the tumour and are connected to blood supply vessels around the body
Explain the grading for matesis
M0- Has not spread to other organs
M1- tumours have spread to other organs in body
which organs prolifferate quickly?
Bone marrow, Overies, testisies, hair follicles, bowel mucosa
which organs prolifferate slowly?
Lung, liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, vascular
Cancer diagnosis?
History Physical exam X-ray Blood tests CT scan MRI sputle sample scope biopsy mammogram smear
side effects of radiotherapy to head and neck?
hair loss dry mouth dificulty swallowing blistering no voice dry eyes cerebral oedema nausea/vomiting rash
What interventions are appropriate for a head and neck radio patient?
Mouth- care kit dental extractions skin care analgesia anti-emetics eye drops
Thoratic radiation side effects?
Skin Rash Osophogitis dysphagia cough wheeze late pulmonary fibrosis pain nausea/ fatigue dysapnea
Nursing care for radiation to the thoratic cage?
skin care/ avoidance of wires in bras nutritional assessment little and often positioning/ oxygen and nebulisers analgesia codine rest warm fluids
Abdomnal radiation side effects
dihorrea constipation anal ulceration pain tenesmus (sensation to open the bowels) cystitis/haematuria loss of erectile function discharge dryness vaginitis
abdominal radiation nursing interventions
skin care management for bowels (movicol, laperomide) increase fluid intake lubricant consider egg/sperm freezing immunosupression
what is brachytherapy?
grains of radiotherapy inserted into the cancerious area to expose radiation
what is radioactive isotope therapy?
procedure in which a liquid form of radiation is administered internally through infusion or injection.
what are targeted therapy (monocolnial antibodies?)
They target the protein in the cells causing them to die or trigger the immune system to attack the cells.
How does hormone therapy work?
slows down or prevents the cancer from growing
why is chemo given on certain dates?
To target the cell cycle at its most vunerable.
what differet routes can you give chemo?
orally
intravenously
catheter
intracavity
side effects of chemotherapy?
nausea/ vommiting Hair loss lethargy immunosuppression dry/ sore skin change in bowel habbit psychological/ emotional impact death
what types of groups of chemotherapy are there?
anti-metabolisers: inhibit proteins and enzymes for DNA production
Alkylating agents: stop the DNA from unravveling
cytoxic antibodies: stop the DNA replication
plant alkaloids: stop the spindle from forming
Other uses of chemotherapy?
Rhumatoid arthritis
chrones disease
psorisis
vasculitis
