Diabetes Flashcards
What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes type 1 and 2
Type 1 - weight loss and ketoacidosis
Type 2 - altered mental status, complications
Both - glycosuria, polyuria & thirst, fatigue & malaise, blurred vision, infections
What is the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes.
Type 1 - insulin deficiency
Type 2 - impaired B cell function and/ or loss of insulin sensitivity
What is the process of glycosuria?
Renal tubule will tea sorb most glucose present in normal glomerular filtrate. When plasma glucose elevated, glucose exceeds glomerular filtrate which exceeds the capacity of renal tubule. Osmotic diuresis follow with excessive urine production, dehydration leads to thirst
What are the diagnostic values for DM testing of fasting, random, plasma glucose conc after 2hr glucose in OGTT and HbA?
Fasting> 7mmol/L
Random > 11.1 mmol/L
OGTT > 11.1
HbA > 48mmol/mol
Out of type 1 and 2 which has rapid onset, weight gain, ketones present and what are the treatments?
Type 1 - rapid onset, normal weight, ketosis treatment with insulin and healthy diet and exercise
Type 2 - slow onset, no ketones in urine, overweight treatment- diet, drug
What is the suspension in intermediate and long acting insulin?
Insulin zinc
In T1DM how is hypoglycaemia caused?
Insulin overdose, excessive exercise, inadequate CHO intake
What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia and treatment?
Palpitations, tremors, sweating, anxiety, loss of concentration, slurred speech, behaviour/ mood changes, seizures
Treatment- conscious- sugary drink/ food
Unconscious - I.v glucose, glucagon (I.m, I.v, s.c)
What is hepatic ketogenesis inhibited by and stimulated by?
Inhibited by insulin
Stimulated by glucagon
What is the process of glycosuria?
Renal tubule will tea sorb most glucose present in normal glomerular filtrate. When plasma glucose elevated, glucose exceeds glomerular filtrate which exceeds the capacity of renal tubule. Osmotic diuresis follow with excessive urine production, dehydration leads to thirst
What are the diagnostic values for DM testing of fasting, random, plasma glucose conc after 2hr glucose in OGTT and HbA?
Fasting> 7mmol/L
Random > 11.1 mmol/L
OGTT > 11.1
HbA > 48mmol/mol
Out of type 1 and 2 which has rapid onset, weight gain, ketones present and what are the treatments?
Type 1 - rapid onset, normal weight, ketosis treatment with insulin and healthy diet and exercise
Type 2 - slow onset, no ketones in urine, overweight treatment- diet, drug
What is the suspension in intermediate and long acting insulin?
Insulin zinc
In T1DM how is hypoglycaemia caused?
Insulin overdose, excessive exercise, inadequate CHO intake
What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia and treatment?
Palpitations, tremors, sweating, anxiety, loss of concentration, slurred speech, behaviour/ mood changes, seizures
Treatment- conscious- sugary drink/ food
Unconscious - I.v glucose, glucagon (I.m, I.v, s.c)
