Diabetes (27) Flashcards
What is correct about Adult Stem Cells?
a. They can be cultured for extended periods of time
b. They are purified from adult tissues and make a restricted range of cell types
c. They are not currently used in clinical treatments
d. They can turn into any cell type
b. They are purified from adult tissues and make a restricted range of cell types
What is FALSE about diabetes?
a. It is a chronic disease in which the body does not handle glucose appropriately
b. Glucose remains in the blood rather than being taken up by tissues
c. High blood glucose can result in hyperglycaemia
d. Endogenous insulin in absent in those with Type 2 diabetes
d. Endogenous insulin in absent in those with Type 2 diabetes
When comparing type 1 and type 2 diabetes:
a. Type 2 diabetes has a sudden onset
b. Type 1 diabetes develops in adulthood
c. Ketoacidiosi in rare in type 1 diabetes
d. Autoantibodies are absent in type 2 diabetes
d. Autoantibodies are absent in type 2 diabetes
What is FALSE about the pancreas?
a. It contains mesocrine cells which secrete hormones into the blood
b. Endocrine cells exist in clusters called islets
c. It contains exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes into the gut
d. It is connected to the bloodstream and gut
a. It contains mesocrine cells which secrete hormones into the blood
Which statement about hormones produced by islets is correct?
a. Beta cells produce somatostatin which is a regulatory hormone
b. Alpha cells produce glucagon when blood glucose is low
c. Delta cells produce insulin when blood glucose is high
d. 75% of islet cells are alpha cells which encourage glycogen to glucose conversion
b. Alpha cells produce glucagon when blood glucose is low
In regards to the current treatments for type 1 diabetes:
a. Insulin injections can prevent further complications
b. Islets transplantations do not require immunosuppression
c. There is a lack of donor material for islet transplantations
d. Insulin injections and catheters can control blood glucose perfectly
c. There is a lack of donor material for islet transplantations
What occurs during the development of beta cells?
- Cells committed to endocrine lineage
- Cells pass through Pancreatic endoderm
- Cells pass through Definitive endoderm
- Cells pass through Epiblast
- Cells pass through Primitive streak
- Cells pass through Foregut
- Cells pass through Epiblast
- Cells pass through Primitive streak
- Cells pass through Definitive endoderm
- Cells pass through Foregut
- Cells pass through Pancreatic endoderm
- Cells committed to endocrine lineage
Which is not an important hormone in defining the three main islet cells?
a. Glycogen
b. Somatostatin
c. Glucagon
d. Insulin
a. Glycogen
Which is correct about the ideal use of differentiated beta cells to treat type 1 diabetes?
a. Fully differentiated cells are more likely to contain unwanted cells that could form teratomas
b. You cannot test the functionality of fully differentiated cells before transplantation
c. The ideal product would contain fully differentiated cells and beta cell progenitors
d. Mature differentiated cells would take a long time to begin working in vivo
c. The ideal product would contain fully differentiated cells and beta cell progenitors
What is FALSE about encapsulation?
a. Pores in the capsule allow glucose and insulin to pass through but prevent cells like T cells from accessing beta cells
b. It allows transplanted beta cells to be contained in a single easily retrievable site if any issues develop
c. It is possible the device could elicit a fibrotic response which would cause transplanted beta cells to be starved of nutrients
d. The capsules must be very thick in order to store enough transplanted beta cells and be considered efficient
d. The capsules must be very thick in order to store enough transplanted beta cells and be considered efficient
• Type 1 diabetes involves specific immune mediated destruction of beta cells.
T
• Insulin directs cells to take glucose from the blood for storage or use.
T
• Type 1 diabetes results in insulin resistance and beta cells fail due to having to work overtime to maintain blood glucose levels.
F (type 2)
• Type 2 diabetes constitutes 10% of all diabetes.
F
• The antigen that causes autoimmune attack in type 1 diabetes has been well characterised.
F
