Diabetes 1

Question 1

Which hormones affect metabolism?

Answer 1

Insulin
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Leptin

Question 2

What is a hormone?

Answer 2

A chemical released by a cell or gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism
Usually transported in the blood
cells respond to a hormone by specific receptors
After binding it activates a signal transduction mechanism which leads to cellular response

Question 3

Types of Hormones?

Answer 3

Protein

Lipids

Question 4

Types of release

Answer 4

Paracrine (Nearby target tissues)

Endocrine (Secreted into the bloodstream)

Question 5

1st step of signal transduction of diabetes?

Answer 5

Insulin receptor binds insulin, undergoes autophosphorylation on its carboxyl terminal Tyrosine residues

Question 6

2nd step of signal transduction of diabetes?

Answer 6

Insulin receptor phosphorylates IRS-1 on its Tyrosine residues

Question 7

3rd step of signal transduction of diabetes?

Answer 7

SH2 domain of Grb2, then to Ras causing GDP release and GTP binding to Ras (this is an amino acid)

Question 8

4th step of signal transduction of diabetes?

Answer 8

Activated Ras binds and activates Raf-1

Question 9

5th step of signal transduction of diabetes?

Answer 9

Raf-1 (an enzyme) phosphorylates MEK on two Ser residues, activating it. MEK phosphorylates ERK on a Thr and Tyr residue, activating it

Question 10

6th step of signal transduction of diabetes?

Answer 10

ERK moves into the nucleus and phosphorylates nuclear transcription factors such as Elk1, activating them

Question 11

7th step of signal transduction of diabetes?

Answer 11

Phosphorylated Elk1 joins SRF to stimulate the transcription and translation of a set of genes needed for cell division

Question 12

Fates available to Fatty Acid (FA) in the liver

Answer 12

• Use FA to synthesise liver lipids
• Oxidise Fatty Acids to acetyl- CoA and NADH
• Convert Fatty acids to phospholipids and also TAGS for storage
• Carry FA to heart and muscle for oxidation

Question 13

What is made from Acetyl- CoA?

Answer 13

Acetone, Accteoacetate
Made when oxaloaccetate pools are insufficient to condense with acetyl-CoA
Can provide up to 70% of energy for heart during prolonged activity

Question 14

Two types of Aetiologic classification of Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 14

Type 1 ( Insulin Dependant)
Type 2 (Non Insulin Dependant)

Question 15

What is T1 associated with?

Answer 15

Insulin production

Question 16

What is T2 associated with?

Answer 16

Insulin resisitance

Question 17

T1 onset of life?

Answer 17

early onset in life

Question 18

T2 onset of life?

Answer 18

late onset of life

Question 19

Type 1 diabetes main info?

Answer 19

Common result of pancreatic b-cell descruction due to autoimmune reaction, triggered in suseptabile by as yet unidentified external factors
Process may continue for some time before consequenses of b-cell depletion become apparant
Initial onset of Type 1 diabetes is typically acute
involves ketoacidosis

Question 20

Type 2 diabetes main info?

Answer 20

Occurs when there is not enough insulin produced by the body or there is no reaction to insulin (insulin resisitance)
Most common form
due to obesity
Controlled by healthy diet
Progressive condition

Question 21

Other factors of suseptability to diabetes type 2

Answer 21

Raised levels of fatty acids

Mitochondrial Dysfunction