Devt, Heredity, and Aging Flashcards
Tite
process encompassing the
period from the formation of an
embryo, through the development of a
fetus, to birth.
Prenatal Development
Prenatal Periods
- Germinal Stage
- Embryonic Stage
- Fetal Stage
During the first 2 weeks
Germinal Stage
From about the second to the eight week of development
Embryonic Stage
During the last 7 months of prenatal period
Fetal Stage
Union of a sperm cell and an oocyte, along with their genetic material to produce a new individual
Fertilization
-a pre-requirement for fertilization.
-happens in the uterus. Functional
maturation of the spermatozoon.
Capacitation
a cluster of dividing cells
made by a fertilized egg. It’s the early
stage of an embryo.
Blastocyst
is a vital connecting
organ between the maternal
uterus and the fetus
Placenta
process of cell migration and the formation of three distinct germ layers.
Gastrulation
a birth defect wherein
much of the brain fails to form
because the neural tube did not
close in the region of the head.
No brain
Anencephaly
can range from a simple defect with one or more vertebral spinous processes split or missing but no
clinical manifestation to a more severe defect that can result in paralysis of the limbs or the bowels and bladder, depending on where the defect occurs.
Split Spine
Spina Bifida
Fine, soft hair called ________ covers the fetus, and a waxy coat of loose epithelial cells called _________ ________ forms a protective layer between the fetus and the amniotic fluid.
- Lanugo
- Vernix Caseosa
The process by which the baby is born
Parturition
The period during which uterine contractions occur that result in expulsion of the fetus.
Labor
Three Stages of Labor
- Dilation Stage
- Expulsion Stage
- Placental Stage
A membrane that closely covers
the human and various other
embryos when first formed.
Amnion
A clear liquid that surrounds your
baby in the uterus during
pregnancy.
Amniotic Fluid
Lasts from one (1) minute to
one (1) hour or more.
Contraction of the woman’s
abdominal muscle occurs
that assists the uterine
contractions.
Expulsion Stage
Factors that influence parturition
- progesterone
- Estrogen
- Prostaglandins
- Oxytoxin
fetal lungs produce a substance called ________, which coats the inner surface of the alveoli, reduces surface tension in the lungs, and allows the newborn lungs to inflate.
Surfactant
the production of milk by the
mammary glands.
lactation
For the first few days following parturition, the
mammary glands secrete _________, a high-protein
material that contains many antibodies.
Colostrum
-Process of gradual maturation
-Capacity for cell division and the
capacity for growth and function are
lost over time leading to death
Aging Process
Contributes to aging and progressive damage from
many sources, such as radiation and toxic
substances, can result in irreversible cellular insults
and may be one of the major factors leading to
aging.
Cellular Wear and Tear, or Cellular Aging
-which are atoms or molecules with an
unpaired electron, can react with and alter the
structure of molecules that are critical for normal
cell function.
-Alteration can result in cell dysfunction, cancer, or
other types of cellular damage.
FREE RADICAL THEORY OF AGING
Usually not attributed to old age
Permanent cessation of life functions and the
cessation of integrated tissue and organ function.
Death
Major portions of the cerebrum are no longer
functioning and the patient is comatose and
incapable of responding to stimuli.
Neocortical Death
Characteristics children inherit from their
parents.
study of Heredity
Functional units of heredity,
carried on chromosomes
Genes
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell.
Made up of proteins and DNA organized into
genes.
Chromosomes
display of the chromosomes in a somatic cell
Karyotype
produced by melosis-redtion dision because it produces ______ that have half the number of chromosomes that somatic cells have.
Gametes
a portion of a DNA
molecule
Genes
Similar genes on homologous chromosomes
Alleles
two allelic genes are identical
for the trait specified by that
gene.
HOMOZYGOUS
If the two alleles are slightly
different
HETEROZYGOUS
there are three copies of chromosome 21
Down Syndrome: or trisomy 21,
only one
X chromosome is present,
results in sterility and abnormal
sexual development but does
not affect the mental
development of the female.
Turner Syndrome: or
monosomy X,
result from genes on the sex chromosomes or traits
affected by genes on the sex chromosomes.
SEX-LINKED TRAITS
Caused by abnormalities in a person’s
genetic makeup—that is, in his or her
DNA.
GENETIC DISORDERS
Predicting the possible results of
matings involving carriers of harmful
genes and talking to parents or
prospective parents about the possible
outcomes and treatments of a genetic
disorder.
GENETIC COUNSELING
