17. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature

Question 1

The process by which food is taken into and used by the body

Answer 1

Nutrition

Question 2

The study of food and drink requirements for normal body

Answer 2

Nutrition

Question 3

Chemicals that provide energy and building blocks for new molecules in the body

Answer 3

Nutrients

Question 4

Include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Answer 4

Carbohydrates

Question 5

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution
Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates?

Answer 5

45-65 percent

Question 6

Stores energy, surrounds and protects organs, and acts as an insulator.

Answer 6

Adipose Tissue

Question 7

chains of amino acids found in most plant and animal products.

Answer 7

Protein

Question 8

are necessary for protein construction
but can be synthesized

Answer 8

Nonessential amino acids

Question 9

contain all nine essential amino acids in
the required proportion.

Answer 9

Complete Protein Food

Question 10

do not contain all the nine essential
amino acids.

Answer 10

Incomplete Protein Foods

Question 11

-structural strength in connective tissue and skin
-muscle contraction
-regulate chemical reactions and
physiological processes
-clotting factors, transport molecules, and
buffers

Answer 11

USES OF PROTEINS IN THE BODY

Question 12

RECOMMENDED CONSUMPTION OF PROTEINS

Answer 12

10–35% of total
kilocalories.

Question 13

organic molecules essential for
normal metabolism and must be obtained
through the diet.

Answer 13

Vitamins

Question 14

inorganic
nutrients essential for normal
metabolic functions.

Answer 14

Minerals

Question 15

appear on food labels to help consumers plan a healthful diet and to minimize confusion

Answer 15

Daily Values

Question 16

are set for total fat, saturated
fat, cholesterol, total
Daily Reference Values (DRVs)
carbohydrate, dietary
fiber, sodium,
potassium, and protein.

Answer 16

Daily Reference Values (DRVs)

Question 17

the Daily Values are used to
calculate the Percent Daily Value
(% Daily Value) for some of the
nutrients in one serving of the food

Answer 17

Percent Daily Value

Question 18

the chemical
reactions that occur during
digestion and the chemical
reactions that occur in the cells of
the body after the products of
digestion are taken up by cells.

Answer 18

METABOLISM

Question 19

TYPES OF METABOLISM

Answer 19

Catabolism and anabolism

Question 20

Energy-releasing process by which large
molecules are broken down into smaller
ones. Ingested food is the source of
molecules used in catabolic reactions.

Answer 20

CATABOLISM

Question 21

Energy requiring process by which small
molecules are joined to form larger ones.
Anabolic reactions result in the synthesis of
the molecules necessary for life.

Answer 21

ANABOLISM

Question 22

The products of digestion such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino
acids are molecules containing energy within their chemical bonds..

Answer 22

REGULATION OF METABOLISM

Question 23

A series of chemical reactions that controls the energy release from molecules.

Answer 23

BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY

Question 24

The biochemical processes responsible for the metabolic formation,
breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.

Answer 24

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

Question 25

most important monosaccharide in terms of cellular metabolism.

Answer 25

Glucose

Question 26

long-term, energy-storage molecules that the body can store in large amounts.

Answer 26

Lipids

Question 27

short-term energy-storage molecule that the body can store only in limited amounts

Answer 27

Glycogen

Question 28

series of chemical reactions that occur in the fluid part of cytoplasm that results in the breakdown of glucose to two pyruvic acid molecules.

Answer 28

GLYCOLYSIS

Question 29

breakdown of glucose in the absence of O2 in human cells results in the production of two molecules of lactate and two molecules of ATP.

Answer 29

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Question 30

breakdown of glucose in the presence of O2 to produce CO2, water, and 38 molecules of ATP.

Answer 30

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Question 31

series of reactions wherein the six-carbon citric acid molecule is converted into a four-carbon molecule.

Answer 31

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 32

“Form in the shape of Triglycerides” or fat

Answer 32

LIPID METABOLISM

Question 33

the breaking down of Triglycerides into Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Answer 33

Lipolysis

Question 34

the fusion of Glycerol and Fatty Acids Glycerol (3c) can lead to glycolysis Fatty Acids (16c

Answer 34

LIPOGENESIS

Question 35

the breaking down of fatty acid

Answer 35

Beta Oxidation

Question 36

when acetyl coa is converted in ketone bodies

Answer 36

KETOGENESIS

Question 37

conversion of acetyl coa to cholesterol

Answer 37

CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

Question 38

denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism

Answer 38

PROTEIN METABOLISM

Question 39

Large polymers of amino acids

Answer 39

PROTEINS

Question 40

refers to the overall condition of an organism's metabolism, which involves the biochemical processes that occur within cells to sustain life.

Answer 40

METABOLIC STATE

Question 41

total amount of energy produced and used by the body per unit of time

Answer 41

METABOLIC RATE

Question 42

Humans can maintain a relatively constant internal body temperature despite changes in the temperature of the surrounding environment.

Answer 42

BODYTEMP. REGULATION

Question 43

gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between two objects that are not in physical contact with each other

Answer 43

Radiation

Question 44

the exchange of heat between objects that are in direct contact with each other

Answer 44

Conduction

Question 45

transfer of heat between the body and the air or water.

Answer 45

Convection

Question 46

conversion of water from a liquid to a gaseous form.

Answer 46

Evaporation

Question 47

A condition in which heat gain in the body exceeds heat loss. It can result from exposure to a hot environment, exercise, or fever.

Answer 47

Hyperthermia

Question 48

Prolonged exposure to a hot environment can lead to ______ _______, _______ _______ is characterized by cool, wet skin due to heavy sweating.

Answer 48

Heat Exhaustion

Question 49

results from an increase in the hypothalamic set point and is characterized by dry, flushed skin because sweating is inhibited.

Answer 49

Heat Stroke

Question 50

a condition in which heat loss exceeds heat gain. _________ usually results from prolonged exposure to a cold environment or even to a cool, damp environment because the moisture draws heat away from the body

Answer 50

Hypothermia

Question 51

local damage to the skin or deeper tissues resulting from prolonged exposure to a cold environment.

Answer 51

Frostbite