17. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Flashcards
As
The process by which food is taken into and used by the body
Nutrition
The study of food and drink requirements for normal body
Nutrition
Chemicals that provide energy and building blocks for new molecules in the body
Nutrients
Include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates
What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution
Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates?
45-65 percent
Stores energy, surrounds and protects organs, and acts as an insulator.
Adipose Tissue
chains of amino acids found in most plant and animal products.
Protein
are necessary for protein construction
but can be synthesized
Nonessential amino acids
contain all nine essential amino acids in
the required proportion.
Complete Protein Food
do not contain all the nine essential
amino acids.
Incomplete Protein Foods
-structural strength in connective tissue and skin
-muscle contraction
-regulate chemical reactions and
physiological processes
-clotting factors, transport molecules, and
buffers
USES OF PROTEINS IN THE BODY
RECOMMENDED CONSUMPTION OF PROTEINS
10–35% of total
kilocalories.
organic molecules essential for
normal metabolism and must be obtained
through the diet.
Vitamins
inorganic
nutrients essential for normal
metabolic functions.
Minerals
appear on food labels to help consumers plan a healthful diet and to minimize confusion
Daily Values
are set for total fat, saturated
fat, cholesterol, total
Daily Reference Values (DRVs)
carbohydrate, dietary
fiber, sodium,
potassium, and protein.
Daily Reference Values (DRVs)
the Daily Values are used to
calculate the Percent Daily Value
(% Daily Value) for some of the
nutrients in one serving of the food
Percent Daily Value
the chemical
reactions that occur during
digestion and the chemical
reactions that occur in the cells of
the body after the products of
digestion are taken up by cells.
METABOLISM
TYPES OF METABOLISM
Catabolism and anabolism
Energy-releasing process by which large
molecules are broken down into smaller
ones. Ingested food is the source of
molecules used in catabolic reactions.
CATABOLISM
Energy requiring process by which small
molecules are joined to form larger ones.
Anabolic reactions result in the synthesis of
the molecules necessary for life.
ANABOLISM
The products of digestion such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino
acids are molecules containing energy within their chemical bonds..
REGULATION OF METABOLISM
A series of chemical reactions that controls the energy release from molecules.
BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY
The biochemical processes responsible for the metabolic formation,
breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
most important monosaccharide in terms of cellular
metabolism.
Glucose
long-term, energy-storage
molecules that the body
can store in large amounts.
Lipids
short-term energy-storage
molecule that the body can
store only in limited amounts
Glycogen
series of chemical reactions that occur in the fluid part of cytoplasm that results in
the breakdown of glucose to two pyruvic acid molecules.
GLYCOLYSIS
breakdown of glucose in the absence of O2 in human cells results in
the production of two molecules of lactate and two molecules of ATP.
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
breakdown of glucose in the presence of O2 to produce CO2, water,
and 38 molecules of ATP.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
series of reactions wherein the six-carbon citric acid
molecule is converted into a four-carbon molecule.
Citric Acid Cycle
“Form in the shape of Triglycerides” or fat
LIPID METABOLISM
the breaking down of Triglycerides into Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Lipolysis
the fusion of Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Glycerol (3c) can lead to glycolysis
Fatty Acids (16c
LIPOGENESIS
the breaking down of fatty acid
Beta Oxidation
when acetyl coa is converted in ketone bodies
KETOGENESIS
conversion of acetyl coa to cholesterol
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the
synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the
breakdown of proteins by catabolism
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Large polymers of amino acids
PROTEINS
refers to the
overall condition of an organism’s
metabolism, which involves the
biochemical processes that occur
within cells to sustain life.
METABOLIC
STATE
total amount of energy
produced and used by the body
per unit of time
METABOLIC
RATE
Humans can maintain a relatively constant
internal body temperature despite changes
in the temperature of the surrounding
environment.
BODYTEMP. REGULATION
gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between two
objects that are not in physical contact with each other
Radiation
the exchange of heat between objects that are in
direct contact with each other
Conduction
transfer of heat between the body and the
air or water.
Convection
conversion of water from a liquid to a
gaseous form.
Evaporation
A condition in which heat gain in the
body exceeds heat loss. It can result from
exposure to a hot environment, exercise,
or fever.
Hyperthermia
Prolonged exposure to a hot environment can
lead to ______ _______, _______ _______ is
characterized by cool, wet skin due to heavy
sweating.
Heat Exhaustion
results from an increase in the hypothalamic
set point and is characterized by dry, flushed
skin because sweating is inhibited.
Heat Stroke
a condition in which heat loss exceeds heat gain.
_________ usually results from prolonged
exposure to a cold environment or even to a cool,
damp environment because the moisture draws
heat away from the body
Hypothermia
local damage to the skin or deeper tissues
resulting from prolonged exposure to a cold
environment.
Frostbite
