17. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Flashcards

As

1
Q

The process by which food is taken into and used by the body

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

The study of food and drink requirements for normal body

A

Nutrition

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3
Q

Chemicals that provide energy and building blocks for new molecules in the body

A

Nutrients

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4
Q

Include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution
Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates?

A

45-65 percent

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6
Q

Stores energy, surrounds and protects organs, and acts as an insulator.

A

Adipose Tissue

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7
Q

chains of amino acids found in most plant and animal products.

A

Protein

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8
Q

are necessary for protein construction
but can be synthesized

A

Nonessential amino acids

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9
Q

contain all nine essential amino acids in
the required proportion.

A

Complete Protein Food

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10
Q

do not contain all the nine essential
amino acids.

A

Incomplete Protein Foods

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11
Q

-structural strength in connective tissue and skin
-muscle contraction
-regulate chemical reactions and
physiological processes
-clotting factors, transport molecules, and
buffers

A

USES OF PROTEINS IN THE BODY

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12
Q

RECOMMENDED CONSUMPTION OF PROTEINS

A

10–35% of total
kilocalories.

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13
Q

organic molecules essential for
normal metabolism and must be obtained
through the diet.

A

Vitamins

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14
Q

inorganic
nutrients essential for normal
metabolic functions.

A

Minerals

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15
Q

appear on food labels to help consumers plan a healthful diet and to minimize confusion

A

Daily Values

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16
Q

are set for total fat, saturated
fat, cholesterol, total
Daily Reference Values (DRVs)
carbohydrate, dietary
fiber, sodium,
potassium, and protein.

A

Daily Reference Values (DRVs)

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17
Q

the Daily Values are used to
calculate the Percent Daily Value
(% Daily Value) for some of the
nutrients in one serving of the food

A

Percent Daily Value

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18
Q

the chemical
reactions that occur during
digestion and the chemical
reactions that occur in the cells of
the body after the products of
digestion are taken up by cells.

A

METABOLISM

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19
Q

TYPES OF METABOLISM

A

Catabolism and anabolism

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20
Q

Energy-releasing process by which large
molecules are broken down into smaller
ones. Ingested food is the source of
molecules used in catabolic reactions.

A

CATABOLISM

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21
Q

Energy requiring process by which small
molecules are joined to form larger ones.
Anabolic reactions result in the synthesis of
the molecules necessary for life.

22
Q

The products of digestion such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino
acids are molecules containing energy within their chemical bonds..

A

REGULATION OF METABOLISM

23
Q

A series of chemical reactions that controls the energy release from molecules.

A

BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY

24
Q

The biochemical processes responsible for the metabolic formation,
breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.

A

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

25
most important monosaccharide in terms of cellular metabolism.
Glucose
26
long-term, energy-storage molecules that the body can store in large amounts.
Lipids
27
short-term energy-storage molecule that the body can store only in limited amounts
Glycogen
28
series of chemical reactions that occur in the fluid part of cytoplasm that results in the breakdown of glucose to two pyruvic acid molecules.
GLYCOLYSIS
29
breakdown of glucose in the absence of O2 in human cells results in the production of two molecules of lactate and two molecules of ATP.
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
30
breakdown of glucose in the presence of O2 to produce CO2, water, and 38 molecules of ATP.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
31
series of reactions wherein the six-carbon citric acid molecule is converted into a four-carbon molecule.
Citric Acid Cycle
32
“Form in the shape of Triglycerides” or fat
LIPID METABOLISM
33
the breaking down of Triglycerides into Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Lipolysis
34
the fusion of Glycerol and Fatty Acids Glycerol (3c) can lead to glycolysis Fatty Acids (16c
LIPOGENESIS
35
the breaking down of fatty acid
Beta Oxidation
36
when acetyl coa is converted in ketone bodies
KETOGENESIS
37
conversion of acetyl coa to cholesterol
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
38
denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism
PROTEIN METABOLISM
39
Large polymers of amino acids
PROTEINS
40
refers to the overall condition of an organism's metabolism, which involves the biochemical processes that occur within cells to sustain life.
METABOLIC STATE
41
total amount of energy produced and used by the body per unit of time
METABOLIC RATE
42
Humans can maintain a relatively constant internal body temperature despite changes in the temperature of the surrounding environment.
BODYTEMP. REGULATION
43
gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between two objects that are not in physical contact with each other
Radiation
44
the exchange of heat between objects that are in direct contact with each other
Conduction
45
transfer of heat between the body and the air or water.
Convection
46
conversion of water from a liquid to a gaseous form.
Evaporation
47
A condition in which heat gain in the body exceeds heat loss. It can result from exposure to a hot environment, exercise, or fever.
Hyperthermia
48
Prolonged exposure to a hot environment can lead to ______ _______, _______ _______ is characterized by cool, wet skin due to heavy sweating.
Heat Exhaustion
49
results from an increase in the hypothalamic set point and is characterized by dry, flushed skin because sweating is inhibited.
Heat Stroke
50
a condition in which heat loss exceeds heat gain. _________ usually results from prolonged exposure to a cold environment or even to a cool, damp environment because the moisture draws heat away from the body
Hypothermia
51
local damage to the skin or deeper tissues resulting from prolonged exposure to a cold environment.
Frostbite