Deviance & Crime Flashcards
What is a deviance? /5
A violation of social norms
Linked to time
Linked to culture
Situational
Related to social power
What is a crime? /3
Violation of norms that have been written into law
A social construct
Varies across countries and time
What is the consensus model of crime? /2
People see behaviour they do not like
Make a law against it
What is conflict model of a crime?
Powerful people make laws to protect their own interests
How do you measure crime in Canada? /3
Uniform crime reporting survey
General social survey - victimization
Crime severity index
What is uniform crime reporting survey?
Official police statistics of a reported crime
What is a general social survey - victimization?
20 000 Canadians over 15 surveyed
What is crime severity index?
More serious crimes assigned a higher weight
What are the theories founded on deviance and crime? /3
Rational choice theory
Biological positivism
Psychological positivism
What is rational choice theory?
People consider the costs and benefits of a crime
What is biological positivism? /2
Physical traits or conditions
Some people are “born deviants”
What is psychological positivism? /3
Psychological/personality disorders
Usually a result of poor socialization by parents
Insanity defence/ not criminally responsible due to mental disorder
Ex/ twinkies, Dan White
What is the strain theory? /2
Crime is a result of frustration and anger
Merton;s five social adaptations
What are Merton’s five social adaptations? /5
Conformists
Innovators
Ritualists
Retreatists
Rebels
What is a conformist? /2
Embrace the goals
Use legitimate means to attain them
What are innovators? /2
Accept goals
BUT look for alternative means
What are ritualists?
“Go through the motions” of attaining goals
What is a retreatist?
Reject both goals and means of attaining them
What is a rebel?
Substitute alternative goals and means
How does functionalism view crime and deviance? /3
Responding to deviance clarifies boundaries
Responding to deviance promotes social unity
Deviance encourages social and cultural change
How does the conflict theory view crime and deviance? /2
Deviance relates to degrees of power and privilege in a society
Crimes (and punishments) reflect the interests of those with power and privilege
What is differential association theory? /2
Deviance is learned
Social process theory
What is labelling theory? /4
Deviants are labelled by others]
Primary deviance is the initial act of rule-breaking
Secondary deviance occurs when th peers on is labelled as deviant
Social process theory
What is social control theory? /3
Formal social control
Informal social control
Sanctions
What is formal social control? /4
Laws
Officials
Institutional policies
Police
What is informal social control? /3
Friends
Family
Media
What is a sanction? /3
Measures used to encourage conformity
Positive = rewards for desirable behaviour (an award)
Negative = punishments for undesirable behaviour (a ticket)
How the feminist theory view crime and deviance? /3
Focus on what causes males to commit crimes
Gender difference in crime are a result of difference in power and control
Concern with female victimization
What are the different forms of punishment? /5
Retribution
Incapacitation
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Restoration
What is retribution?
An eye for an eye
What is incapacitation?
Protects society
What is deterrence? /3
An example for others
General = consequences applied to others
Specific = consequences experienced first-hand
What is rehabilitation?
Reform offenders
What is restoration?
Criminal makes amends
What is a sentencing circle?
Composed of community members, the victims, and the offender
What are the goals of a sentencing circle? /6
Promote the healing for all affected parties
Provide an opportunity for the offender to make amends
Empower the victims, community members, families, and offenders by giving voice and a shared responsibility in funding constructive resolutions
Address the underlying causes of criminal behaviour
Build a sense of community and its capacity for resolving conflict
Promote and share community values
What is a stigma?
mark of disgrace associated with a particular status, quality or person
What is shaming?
deliberate effort to attach a negative meaning to a behaviour
What is stigmatized shaming?
assigning a permanent label to an offender
What is reintegrative shaming?
an effort to bring an offender back into a community after punishment
