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Individual and Society > Culture > Flashcards

Culture Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is culture? /5

A 
Languages
Beliefs
Norms 
Behaviors
Material objects

Passed on to future generations of society

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2
Q

What us material culture? /2

A

Physical objects that members of society make/use/share

ex. books, iPhones

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3
Q

What is non-material culture? /2

A

abstract/intangible creations influenced people’s behaviors

ex. democracy, consumerism

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4
Q

What is High culture? /2

A

worthy of study and appreciation by the elite

preserved and studied in academies

ex. classical music, literary classes

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5
Q

What is folk culture? /2

A

created by a specific community or ethnic group

ex. nursery rhymes, hijab

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6
Q

What is popular culture? /3

A

contemporary

changes rapidly in the technological world

the most visible and pervasive level of culture in society

ex. television shows, jeans

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7
Q

How does Functionalism view culture? /2

A

to preserve stability

unique customs develop and persist because they are functional

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8
Q

Hoes does Conflict Theory view culture? /2

A

certain groups control culture

in order to sustain their privileged positions in society

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9
Q

How does Symbolic Interactionism view culture? /2

A

observe that people create/maintain/modify culture as they go about their daily activities

cultural symbols that are used to communicate are specific to each culture

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10
Q

How does the Feminist Theory view culture? /3

A

culture is generally patriarchal

favorable to men

defines the gender roles within each society

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11
Q

Components of society: Symbol? /2

A

something that stands for something else

meaning is often unique to a specific culture

ex. Maple leaf = canada,

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12
Q

Components of society: Language? /3

A

a set of symbols that express ideas and allow communication

verbal (spoken)

non-verbal (written or gestured)

ex. “I love you” or heart hand gesture

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13
Q

Components of society: Values? /2

A

collective ideas about what is right or wrong

part of society’s non-material culture

ex. gender equality in Canada, wisdom in China

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14
Q

Components of society: Beliefs? /2

A

statements about what people believe are true or false

change over time

ex. smoking causes cancer, , being a homosexual is a crime against the church

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15
Q

Components of society: Norms? /4

A

established rules of behavior or standards of conduct

help people know how to act in different situations

vary from culture to culture

can be considered acceptable in one culture, but not in another

ex. attending a pre-university program in Canada, direct eye contact is rude

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16
Q

What are the three different types of Norms? /3

A

Folkways

Laws

Sanctions

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17
Q

What are Folkways? /2

A

informal types of norms that are not strictly enforced

provide a framework for our everyday behavior

ex. holding the door open for someone

18
Q

What are Laws? /4

A

norms perceived as being more serious

formal norms that are enforced through social institutions

help make social interactions more predictable

violating a law will receive a formal negative sanction

ex. exceeding the speed limit

19
Q

What are Sanctions? /3

A

used to encourage compliance

a reward for following a norm that are enforced through social institutions

most sanctions are informal, especially those pertaining to folkways

ex. speeding ticket (-), paid bonus (+)

20
Q

What is a cultural change? /3

A

when cultures are constantly changing due to societies constantly facing new social and technological challenges

proposed by William Ogburn

focuses on how technology often stimulates social adaptations

21
Q

What is an invention? /3

A

when something is deliberately changed or made

in order to produce something new

changes how people do things

ex. cars, computers

22
Q

What is discovery? /2

A

new items or methods that are not deliberately created but come about

observe or better understand something that already exists

ex. penicillin

23
Q

What is diffusion? /2

A

an item or a method of doing things is transmitted from one culture to another

often took the form of cultural imperialism

24
Q

What is cultural lag?

A

when social and cultural changes occur at a slower pace than technological changes

25
Q

Why is cultural change important? /2

A

in response to new inventions

especially in law

26
Q

What is a dominant culture? /2

A

practiced by the majority majority

controls the social institutions

27
Q

What is a subculture? /3(5)

A

how its own distinct:

  • Values
  • Beliefs
  • Norms

usually able to peacefully and respectfully coexist within the dominant culture

generally respects the dominant culture and the fundamental values of the dominant society

28
Q

What are the different types of subcultures? /4

A

Ethnic

Religion

Sexual Orientation

Recreational Activities

29
Q

What is an example of ethnic subculture? /1(5)

A

immigrant groups:

  • live in the same neighborhood
  • practice their religion
  • speak their language
  • maintain their norms of dress and food
30
Q

What is a counterculture?

A

a group becomes significantly distinct from the dominant culture

ex. indigenous culture

31
Q

What is assimilation/melting pot?

A

the process by which a minority group adopts the pattern of the dominant culture

32
Q

What is multiculturalism? /3

A

concept that refers to a society that supports the inherent value of different cultures

first adopted by Canada in 1971

promotes equality while preserving cultural diversity

33
Q

What is cultural relativism? /2

A

a deliberate effort to appreciate a group’s way of life in its own context without prejudice

a sociologist would seek to understand these reasons and the values behind them

ex. women encouraged to wear the hijab

34
Q

What is ethnocentrism? /4

A

when a person uses their own culture to judge another culture

potentially dangerous to sociologists

can lead to incorrect assumptions about different cultures

in extreme forms, ethnocentrism can lead to xenophobia

ex. Christians insulting the hijab

35
Q

What is xenophobia?

A

the fear and hostility towards people who are from other cultures

ex. 9/11

36
Q

What is culture shock? /3

A

feeling lost/anxious/overwhelmed at how a culture differs from your own

occurs when a person encounters a culture foreign to their own

has an emotional response to differences between cultures

37
Q

What is integration?

A

both new culture and culture of origin are appreciated

38
Q

What is separation/segregation?

A

usually collective, the group remains separate from mainstream society

39
Q

What is marginalization?

A

loss of heritage culture

low participation in dominant culture

40
Q

What is exclusion?

A

minority groups prevented from participating in mainstream culture

Individual and Society (12 decks)

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