DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

Question 1

What is neurodevelopment, and what are the key stages involved in it?

Answer 1

Neurodevelopment is the process of forming, growing, and maturing the brain and nervous system, starting from conception and continuing into adulthood. It includes several important stages:

• Neural Tube Formation: Early development of the brain and spinal cord.
• Neurogenesis: Creation of new neurons.
• Synaptogenesis: Formation of connections between neurons.
• Myelination: Covering of nerve fibers with myelin for faster signal transmission.
• This process shapes cognitive, sensory, and motor abilities and is influenced by genetics, experiences, and the environment.

Question 2

What is Intellectual Disability and how is it classified by severity?

Answer 2

Intellectual Disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, originating during the developmental period.
Severity is classified by IQ level:

• Mild: IQ 50–69
• Moderate: IQ 35–49
• Severe: IQ 20–34
• Profound: IQ below 20

Question 3

What are Communication Disorders and how do they manifest?

Answer 3

Communication Disorders involve difficulties in producing or understanding language and speech, both verbal and nonverbal.

Question 4

What are the core features of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Answer 4

ASD is characterized by:

• Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction
• Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
• Difficulty with social cues, nonverbal communication, and forming relationships
• Sensitivity to sensory input and preference for routines

Question 5

What are the primary symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Answer 5

ADHD includes:
* Persistent inattention (e.g., distractibility, forgetfulness)
* Hyperactivity (e.g., fidgeting, inability to stay seated)
* Impulsivity (e.g., interrupting, acting without thinking)
* Symptoms must be present across multiple settings and impair daily functioning.

Question 6

What is a Specific Learning Disorder?

Answer 6

A neurological disorder marked by persistent difficulties in acquiring academic skills such as:

• Reading (dyslexia)
• Writing
• Math (dyscalculia)
• These difficulties occur despite adequate instruction and impact academic performance and self-esteem.

Question 7

What are Motor Disorders and what are two key examples?

Answer 7

Motor Disorders involve problems with acquiring and coordinating motor skills, affecting daily tasks and academic functioning.
Two main types:

• Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): clumsiness, delayed motor milestones
• Tourette’s Disorder: involuntary motor and vocal tics