Chap 11: lifespan and development (4)

Question 1

What are adolescents in the formal operational period capable of?

Answer 1

Adolescents at this stage are capable of hypothetico-deductive reasoning in which they can think abstractly and test out their hypotheses; this allows them to adopt a scientific orientation in their reasoning

Question 2

What were the criticisms of Jean Piaget’s theory of Development?

Answer 2

1. Research suggests children understand object permanence and symbolic thought earlier than he indicated.
2. Another issue is that children often show thinking patterns from multiple stages. Children’s progress in thinking seems to happen in overlapping waves instead of clear stages.
3. Piaget believed that his theory described universal processes that should lead children everywhere to progress through uniform stages of thinking at roughly the same ages. (that was pure bs, as we know children of different cultures portray developmental differences)

Question 3

How did Vygotsky’s theory contrast with Piaget’s?(cs)

Answer 3

1. Piaget believed that children’s exploration of the world drives their development, while Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interactions.
2. Piaget saw cognitive development as a universal process, while Vygotsky argued that culture plays a significant role in shaping how cognitive development progresses.
3. Piaget believed children’s development of language was just one part of cognitive development, while Vygotsky argued that language acquisition is vital to fostering cognitive growth.

Question 4

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 4

The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what they can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners.

Question 5

Define scaffolding.

Answer 5

Scaffolding occurs when the assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses.

ex: a teacher may use visual aids or diagrams to help students understand complex concepts, gradually reducing the amount of support as students become more proficient.

Question 6

Differentiate between habituation and disinhibition.

Answer 6

Habituation is a gradual reduction in the strength of a response when a stimulus event is presented repeatedly.

If you show infants the same event over and over (e.g., an object dropping onto a platform), they habituate to it—their heart and respiration rates decline and they spend less time looking at the stimulus.

Dishabituation occurs if a new stimulus elicits an increase in the strength of a habituated response.

Question 7

What is theory of mind?

Answer 7

A theory of mind includes the knowledge that others’ beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, and thoughts may be different from one’s own

Question 8

What is false belief?

Answer 8

One of the most important milestones in the theory of mind development is the ability to attribute false belief: in other words, to understand that other people can believe things that are not true.

Question 9

define mind-blindness.

Answer 9

Mind-blindness implies being unable to predict behavior and attribute mental states including beliefs, desires, emotions, or intentions of other people.

Question 10

What was Kohlberg’s stage theory?

Answer 10

Kohlberg’s theory focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior.

Kohlberg found that individuals progress through a series of three levels of moral development, each of which can be broken into two sublevels.

Question 11

What are Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development?

Answer 11

1. Preconvential
2. Conventional
3. Post- Conventional

Question 12

Explain Kohleberg’s 3 levels of moral development.

Answer 12

• At the pre-conventional level, younger children rely on external authority for their moral reasoning, determining right and wrong based on punishment or rewards.

-As children grow older and reach the conventional level, they see rules as necessary for maintaining social order and strive to internalize them to be seen as virtuous and gain approval.

• Some adolescents move on to the post conventional level, where they establish their own set of ethical principles.

Question 13

Girls undergo menarche and boys undergo ________.

Answer 13

Spermache

Question 14

Volume of white matter in the brain _______throughout adolescence, while the volume of grey matter _______-

Answer 14

Volume of white matter in the brain grows
throughout adolescence, while the volume of grey matter declines

Question 15

What does grey and white matter concentration in the brain signify?

Answer 15

The growth of white matter suggests
that neurons are becoming more myelinated, leading to enhanced connectivity in the brain, whereas the decrease in grey matter is thought to reflect synaptic pruning, which plays a key role in the formation of neural networks

Question 16

The _________appears to be the last area of the brain to fully mature.

Answer 16

The prefrontal cortex appears to be the last area of the brain to fully mature.

Question 17

What was John Marcia’s proposal?

Answer 17

James Marcia proposed that the presence
or absence of a sense of commitment (to life goals and values) and a sense of crisis (active questioning and exploration) can combine to produce four different identity statuses.

Question 18

Differentiate between identity diffusion and identity foreclosure.

Answer 18

Identity diffusion, a state of rudderless
apathy, with no commitment to an ideology.

Identity foreclosure is a premature commitment to visions, values, and roles—typically those prescribed by one’s parents

Question 19

Differentiate between identity moratorium and identity achievement.

Answer 19

An identity moratorium involves delaying commitment for a while to experiment with alternative ideologies and careers.

Identity achievement involves arriving at a sense of self and direction after some
consideration of alternative possibilities

Question 20

What are the 3 stages Erikson divided adulthood into?

Answer 20

1. Early Adulthood
2. Middle Adulthood
3. Late Adulthood