Chap 11: lifespan and development (2)

Question 1

Define motor development.

Answer 1

Motor development refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Question 2

Define maturation.

Answer 2

Maturation is development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint.

Question 3

Infants are not active agents they are passive organisms waiting for their brains and limbs to mature. True or false?

Answer 3

False. Infants are active agents, not passive organisms waiting for their brain and limbs to mature.

Question 4

Define developmental norms.

Answer 4

Developmental norms indicate the median age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities.

Question 5

Relatively rapid motor development has been observed in some cultures that provide special practice in basic motor skills. True or false?

Answer 5

True. Relatively rapid motor development has been observed in some cultures that provide special practice in basic motor skills

Question 6

What fact provides evidence that Early motor development depends on maturation?

Answer 6

The similarities across cultures in the sequence and timing of early motor development outweigh the differences.

Question 7

Define temperament. Do babies show consistent differences in temperament?

Answer 7

Temperament refers to characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity.

Infants show consistent differences in emotional tone, tempo of activity, and sensitivity to environmental stimuli very early in life.

Question 8

What is the advantage of using cross-sectional studies?

Answer 8

• Cross-sectional studies can be completed more quickly, easily, and cheaply than longitudinal studies, which often extend over many years.

Question 9

What is the disadvantage of using cross-sectional studies?

Answer 9

In cross-sectional studies, changes that appear to reflect development may be cohort effects.

Cohort effects occur when differences
between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different periods.

Question 10

What is the advantage of longitudinal studies?

Answer 10

Longitudinal designs tend to be more sensitive to developmental changes

Question 11

What is the disadvantages of longitudinal studies?

Answer 11

• Because the study takes over years, participants often drop out because they move away or lose interest.

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Question 12

What were the 3 basic styles of temperaments apparent in most children?

Answer 12

40% of children were easy-going, 15% were slow-to-warm-up and 10% were difficult. The remaining 35% showed mixtures of these three temperaments.

Question 13

Would Chess and Thomas consider a child’s temperament at three months to be a fair predictor of the child’s temperament at age ten?

Answer 13

Yes.

Question 14

Infants’ attachment to their mothers is instantaneous. True or false?

Answer 14

False. Infants’ attachment to their mothers is not instantaneous but by six to eight months of age, they show a preference for her and protest when separated from her.

Question 15

What was Harry Harlow’s/ the behaviorist theory of attachment?

Answer 15

Behaviorists argue that the special attachment between infant and mother develops because mothers are associated with the powerful, reinforcing event of being fed.

Question 16

What theory of attachment did John Bowlby propose?

Answer 16

Bowlby argued that there must be a biological basis for attachment. According to his view, infants are biologically programmed to emit behavior (smiling, cooing, clinging, and so on) that triggers an affectionate, protective response from adults.

Question 17

What is the strange situation procedure?

Answer 17

Strange situation procedure, in which infants are exposed to a series of eight separation and reunion episodes to assess the quality of their attachment

Question 18

What are the 4 types of infant-mother attachments?

Answer 18

1. Secure attachment
2. Anxious- Ambivalent attachment
3. Avoidant Attachment
4. Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 19

Differentiate between secure attachment and anxious-ambivalent attachment?

Answer 19

• Secure attachment: They play and explore comfortably with their mother present, become visibly upset when she leaves, and are quickly calmed by her return.
• Anxious-ambivalent attachment: They appear anxious even when their mother is near and protest excessively when she leaves, but they are not particularly comforted when she returns.

Question 20

Differentiate between avoidant and disorganized-disoriented attachment.

Answer 20

• Children in the third category seek little
  contact with their mother and often are not distressed when she leaves, a condition labeled avoidant attachment.
• Disorganized-disoriented attachment: These children appear confused about whether they should approach or avoid
  their mother and are especially insecure