Chap 9: Intelligence and psychological testing (2) Flashcards
What did Sir Francis Galton conclude about intelligence?
Galton concluded that success runs in families because great intelligence is passed from generation to generation through genetic inheritance
Who coined the phrase ‘nature vs nurture’?
Sir Francis Galton
Why was the Binet-Simon scale successful?
It was inexpensive, easy to administer, objective, and capable of predicting children’s performance in school fairly well
Define mental age.
A child’s mental age indicated that they displayed the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological (actual) age.
Define intelligence quotient.
An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a child’s mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
Who published the first high-quality IQ test designed specifically for adults?
David Weschler.
What were the two innovations in Weschler’s test?
- Less dependent on participants’ verbal ability.
- Discarded the intelligence quotient in favor of a new scoring scheme based on the normal distribution.
Define factor analysis by Charles Spearman.
In factor analysis, correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables.
If several variables correlate highly with one another, the assumption is that a single factor is influencing all of them.
What was Charles Spearman’s conclusion on the structure of intellect?
He concluded that all cognitive
abilities share an important core factor.
He labeled this factor g for general mental ability. Spearman recognized that people also have “special” ability.
Charles Spearman believed that individuals’ abilities in these specific areas are largely determined by their general mental ability. True or false?
True.
Whose test evolved into the SAT?
L. Thurstone.
What was the criticism on Spearman’s theory?
Thurstone argued that Spearman and his followers placed far too much emphasis on g.
How did Thurstone carve the structure of intelligence?
Thurstone carved intelligence into seven independent factors called primary mental abilities: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory.
What is JP Guilford’s theory?
Guilford’s theory divided intelligence into 150 separate abilities and did away with g entirely.
Divided between operations, contents, and products of intellectual activity
Explain operations, contents, and products in JP Guilford’s theory.
Operations are intellectual processes that people can engage in the content dimension is the broad areas of knowledge in which the operations are applied, and the products dimension refers to the outcomes of applying operations to various contents.
Differentiate between fluid and crystallized intelligence.
Fluid intelligence involves reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information
processing.
Crystallized intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem
solving.
Explain the hierarchal model of John Carrol.
In his model, intelligence is represented in three strata, with g at the top (Stratum I), eight broad abilities such as crystallized and fluid intelligence (referred to as Gf and Gc) in the middle layer (Stratum II), and more specific abilities such as spelling at the bottom (Stratum III).
What are contemporary IQ tests based on?
Contemporary IQ tests generally are based on a hierarchical model of intelligence, which subdivides
g into several specific abilities.
Why is higher IQ linked to increased longevity?
- One possibility is that good genes could foster both higher intelligence and resilient health.
- The second possibility is that health self-care is a complicated lifelong mission, for which brighter people are better prepared
- A third possibility is that intelligence fosters educational and career success, which means that brighter people are more likely to end up in higher socioeconomic strata.
