Chap 12: Personality (3) Flashcards
Define self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes.
What was Mischel’s version of social learning?
Mischel’s version of social learning theory predicts that people will often behave differently in different situations.
- people exhibit far less consistency across situations than had been widely assumed
What is the person-situation controversy?
Mischel’s provocative ideas struck at the heart of the concept of personality, which assumes that people are reasonably consistent in their behavior.
His theories sparked a robust debate about the relative importance of the person as opposed to the situation in determining behavior. This debate has led to a growing recognition that both the person and the situation are important determinants of behavior.
What is the phenomenological approach?
Humanists embrace the phenomenological approach, which assumes that one has to appreciate individuals’ personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior.
Rogers viewed personality structure in terms of just one construct. What was this construct?
A self-concept is a collection of beliefs about one’s nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.
What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?
Dunning-Kruger effect; this refers to a
cognitive bias in which individuals who possess low or no expertise or knowledge in a specific situation are unaware of those deficits.
ex: an amateur chess player overestimates their performance in the upcoming chess tournament compared to their competent counterparts.
What is the gap between self-concept and reality?
Rogers called the gap between self-concept and reality incongruence.
Incongruence is the degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s experience.
What is the theory of self-discrepancy?
According to Higgins, discrepancy between the actual self and two standards we hold for the self (the ought self and the ideal self) can lead to emotional discomfort and even psychopathology if the discrepancy is extreme enough.
The ideal self refers to our beliefs about the kind of person we wish to be (e.g., a top student)—our hopes, goals, and aspirations for ourselves. The ought self refers to our beliefs about the kind of person we have a duty or obligation to be
What is self-regulation?
Self-regulation as the self’s ability to alter its actions and behaviors.
Self-regulation allows us to be flexible in reacting to the demands of and changes in the situations in which we find ourselves.
What is the hierarchy of needs?
Hierarchy of needs—a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.
Maslow described the needs in the uppermost reaches of his hierarchy as ___________.
Growth needs.
These include the needs for knowledge, understanding, order, and aesthetic beauty.
What is the need for self-actualization?
The need for self-actualization, which is the need to fulfill one’s potential; is the highest need in Maslow’s motivational hierarchy.
What are the criticisms against the humanist theories?
(1) Many aspects of humanistic theory are difficult to put to a scientific test
(2) Humanists have been unrealistically optimistic in their assumptions about human nature and their descriptions of the
healthy personality
(3) More empirical research is needed to solidify the humanistic view
What was Eysenck’s theory on personality?
Eysenck views personality structure as a hierarchy of traits, in which many superficial traits are derived from a smaller number of more basic traits, which are derived from a handful of fundamental higher-order traits
How is heredity linked to personality in Eysenck’s model?
Eysenck theorizes that some people can be conditioned more readily than others because of differences in their physiological functioning.
Introverts tend to have higher levels of physiological arousal, or perhaps higher “arousability”.
