Chap 12: Personality (2)

Question 1

define fixation.

Answer 1

Fixation is a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected

Question 2

Name the 5 psychosexual stages.

Answer 2

• Oral (0–1)
• Anal (2–3)
• Phallic (4–5)
• Latency (6–12)
• Genital (Puberty onward )

Question 3

Explain the oral stage.

Answer 3

• The main source of erotic stimulation is the mouth (in biting, sucking)
• He gave importance to how the child is weaned from the breast or the bottle.
• fixation at the oral stage could form the basis for obsessive eating or smoking later in life

Question 4

Explain the anal stage.

Answer 4

• Erotic pleasure from their bowel movements, through either the expulsion or retention of feces.
• Severe toilet training can lead to hostility towards the “trainer,” often the mother, and potentially cause genital concerns and anxiety, which may later develop into sexual anxiety.

Question 5

Explain the phallic stage.

Answer 5

• The genitals become the focus of the child’s erotic energy.( through self-stimulation)
• The Oedipal complex emerges, with little boys developing an erotically tinged preference for their mother and hostility towards their father.

Little girls develop a special attachment to their father and develop penis envy due to their different genitals, leading to hostility towards their mother.

• continued hostility toward the same-sex parent may prevent the child from identifying adequately with that parent.

Question 6

Explain the latency and genital stage.

Answer 6

• Child’s sexuality is largely suppressed
• Sexual urges reappear and focus on the genitals once again.
• Channelled towards the opposite sex this time.

Question 7

What was the name of Jung’s approach?

Answer 7

Analytical psychology

Question 8

Explain Jung’s theory of personality.

Answer 8

The unconscious consists of two layers: the personal unconscious, which contains repressed or forgotten material, and the collective unconscious, which stores latent memory traces inherited from ancestral pasts.

Both layers are similar to Freud’s version of the unconscious.

Question 9

What are archetypes?

Answer 9

Archetypes are emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.

These archetypal images and ideas
show up frequently in dreams and are often manifested in a culture’s use of symbols in art, literature, and religion.

Question 10

What was the name of Alfred Adler’s psychology?

Answer 10

Individual psychology.

Question 11

Explain Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.

Answer 11

• The foremost source of human motivation is a striving for superiority.
• Everyone has to work to overcome some feelings of inferiority. He called this process compensation.

Question 12

Define compensation.

Answer 12

Compensation involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities.

Question 13

How can an inferiority complex arise?

Answer 13

Parental pampering or parental neglect

Question 14

Explain Adler’s birth order concept.

Answer 14

He noted that first-borns, second-children, and later-born children enter varied home environments and are treated differently by parents and that these experiences are likely to affect their personality.

Question 15

How did Skinner explain personality?

Answer 15

Skinner’s theory accounts for personality development by explaining how various response tendencies are acquired through learning. (punishment , reinforcement etc.)

Question 15

What are the criticisms of psychodynamic theories?

Answer 15

1. Poor testability
2. Inadequate evidence
3. Sexism
4. Unrepresentative sample

Question 16

Bandura refers to his model as_________.

Answer 16

Bandura refers to his model as social cognitive theory.

Question 17

Explain Bandura’s Social Cognitive theory.

Answer 17

Bandura (1982, 1986) agrees with the fundamental thrust of behaviorism in that he believes that personality is largely shaped through learning.

However, he contends that conditioning is not a mechanical process in which people are passive participants. Instead, he maintains that people actively seek out and process information about their environment to maximize favorable outcomes.

Question 18

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 18

Reciprocal determinism is the idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another.

Question 19

Explain observational learning.

Answer 19

Observational learning occurs when an organism’s response is influenced by the observation of others, who are called
models.

ex: watching your sister get cheated on by someone giving her a bad cheque for her old stereo could strengthen your tendency to be suspicious of others