Development Of Urinary System Flashcards
The intermediate mesoderm is a (longitudinal or transverse?) strip of intraembryonic mesoderm lying on either side of _____ between _____ mesoderm and _____ mesoderm
After ___ of embryo the intermediate mesoderm forms a longitudinal elevation of mesoderm along the (ventral or dorsal?) body wall on each side of ___/dorsal mesentery of gut.
This longitudinal elevation is called ______
Longitudinal
notochord
paraxial
lateral plate
folding
dorsal
dorsal aorta
urogenital ridge
The medial part of urogenital ridge that gives rise to the ____ system is called ____ ridge and lateral part of urogenital ridge that gives rise to the _____ system is called ______.
genital; genital
urinary; nephrogenic cord
Cloaca
The part of hindgut (cranial or caudal?) to attachment of ____ is called cloaca.
It is divided into two parts: ventral and dorsal by a _______ .
Caudal ; allantois
urorectal septum
urorectal septum
which develops from an angle between the ____ and _____
allantois and cloaca
The development of kidney begins in the _____ week of intrauterine life (IUL) from ______ ____derm.
fourth
intraembryonic
meso
Nephrogenic cord derived from _________ forms a longitudinal ridge on (anterior or posterior?) abdominal wall on each side of the _____.
It extends from _____ to ____ region of the embryo.
intermediate mesoderm
Posterior
dorsal aorta
cervical to sacral
The surface of the nephrogenic cord is covered by the epithelial lining of the peritoneal cavity (celomic cavity).
T/F
T
The evolutionary stages of the kidney are:
(a)______ in fishes, (b)______ in fishes and amphibians, and (c)_____ in humans.
pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros
The pronephros
forms at the ____ of the ____ week in the ____ region.
It is (functional or nonfunctional?) and (completely or partially ?) regresses.
its duct—the pronephric duct—which opens in ______ (disappears or persists?) , which is subsequently annexed by _____ and forms the ______.
Beginning; fourth; cervical
nonfunctional
Partially
cloaca; persists
mesonephros; mesonephric duct
The pronephros persists as permanent kidney in some ______ and some_____
cyclostomes
teleost fishes.
The mesonephros forms at the ____ of the ___ week in ______ region.
It is functional for a (short or long?) period and (completely or partially ?) regresses.
A series of ______ develop in mesonephros, which drain into the ______.
end; fourth
thoracolumbar
Short
Completely
excretory tubules; mesonephric duct
(Most or some?) of mesonephric tubules disappear , but (most of some?) of them are modified and take part in formation of ____ of ____.
Most
Some
vasa efferentia; testis
The mesonephros persists as permanent kidney in ____ and most of the _____.
amphibians
fishes
The metanephros forms at the _____ of the ______ in the _____ region.
It persists permanently in humans. It drains into ______.
beginning
third month
sacral
ureter
Say which is segmented an which isn’t
Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros
Seg
Seg
Non-seg
Development of the collecting system of the urinary system
The ureteric bud arises from ______ and grows (cranially or caudally?) (behind or infront of?) the peritoneal cavity towards the ___.
The (proximal or distal?) end of ureteric bud becomes capped by _______.
mesonephric duct
Cranially
Behind
metanephros
Distal
metanephric blastema
The growing end of ureteric bud becomes (constricted or dilated?) like a ____ to form the ____ of ureter/renal pelvis.
The ureteric bud divides ______ly and its __ generations form the collecting system of the kidney.
The renal pelvis undergoes repeated divisions to form _______,_______,______ and _____
Dilated
funnel
pelvis
dichotomous; 13
major calyces, minor calyces, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules
Development of Excretory System
The cells of _____ form metanephric blastema.
The cells of metanephric blastema when come in contact with _____ , condense around it to form solid clump of cells called _______ which is soon converted into a vesicle called _______ that first becomes a ___-shaped vesicle, which soon forms __ shaped tubule (called _____).
metanephros
each collecting tubule
metanephric cap
metanephric vesicle
pear; S
primitive renal tubule
Metanephric blastema
The proximal end of this S-shaped tubule is (broad or narrow?) and abuts on the _____.
The distal (constricted or dilated?) end of this tubule forms ______ that becomes __vaginated by a _____ to form renal _____.
Narrow ; collecting tubule
Dilated
Bowman’s capsule; in; tuft of capillaries
glomerulus
The renal glomerulus develops from _______ tissue of the ______.
angioblastic
nephrogenic cord
The primitive renal tubule eventually forms _____ (excretory unit) consisting of glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and finally , _______ .
nephron
distal convoluted tubule
Each distal convoluted tubule joins with the collecting tubule derived from the _______ to form uriniferous tubule
ureteric bud
Ascent of Kidney
At first the permanent kidney (derived from _____) lies in the ____ region.
Later due to differential growth of ______ and reduction of fetal _______, the kidney ascends to reach the _____ region (____ vertebral levels).
metanephros
sacral
posterior abdominal wall
curvature
thoraco-lumbar; T12–L3
Arterial Supply of the Kidney
The blood supply of kidney changes as it undergoes ___
Initially the kidney lies in the ___ and is sup-plied by _______ artery
As the kidney ascends, it is supplied succes-sively by higher lateral splanchnic branches of the aorta at successively higher levels.
The kidney reaches its final position opposite the ______ vertebra.
The definitive ____ artery supplying the kidney arises at ____ vertebral level and represents lateral splanchnic branch of the aorta.
ascent
pelvis; median sacral
second lumbar
renal
L2
Rotation of the Kidneys
At first, hilum of each kidney lies/faces ____. But during the ascent of the kidney it rotates __° (medially or laterally?) so that hilum of each kidney now faces (Medially or laterally ?)
anteriorly
90
Medially
medially
Renal agenesis :
The renal agenesis occurs when _____ fails to develop. It can be ____ or _____.
ureteric bud
unilateral or bilateral
a) Unilateral renal agenesis
It is relatively (common or rare?)
It is more common in (males or females?)
It is (symptomatic or asymptomatic ?) and (compatible or incompatible?) with life because the other kidney ______ to meet requirements of the body.
Common
Males
asymptomatic
Compatible
hypertrophies
ureteric bud induces the ______ to form _______
metanephric tissue
metanephric blastema.
Bilateral renal agenesis
is relatively (common or uncommon?)
It is (compatible or incompatible?) with life and newborn infant usually ___ shortly after birth, unless a suitable donor is avail-able for a kidney transplant.
It causes _______ that allows the uterine wall to _______.
As a result, there occurs ____ syndrome.
uncommon
incompatible;dies
oligohydramnios
compress the fetus
Potter’s
The clinical features of Potter’s syndrome are ____ limbs, ____ of skin, and abnormal ______
deformed
wrinkling
facial appearance.
Duplication or multiplication of the kidneys:
More than one kidney may be present either on one or both sides. This occurs due to ______________
early division of the ureteric bud.
Congenital polycystic kidney :
In this condition, numerous cysts filled with ____ are present in substance of the kidney.
This condition is usually (unilateral or bilateral?) .
urine
Bilateral
The embryological basis of congenital polycystic kidney is as under:(a) Earlier it was thought that it occurs when _____ and _____ fail to _____ with each other.
b) But now it is thought that it occurs due to abnormal (constriction or dilatation?) of different parts of the uriniferous tubules, espe-cially the ________
excretory/secretory and collecting tubules
connect
dilatation
loops of Henle.
congenital polycystic kidney
It is a relatively (common or rare?) hereditary disease
is clinically associated with ___ of the ____,____,___.
It is of two types: childhood type and adult type.
The prevalence of childhood type is 1:____ births and prev-alence of adult type is 1:____ births
Common
cysts; liver; pancreas, and lungs
5000; 600
Horseshoe-shaped kidney
In this condition, (superior or inferior?) poles of both the kidneys are ____.
During the ascent, the horseshoe kidney gets trapped underneath the _____ artery.
Hence horse-shoe kidney usually lies at the level of the lower lumbar vertebrae.
The ureters arise from the ____ surface of the kidney and pass (behind or in front of ?) isthmus in a (cranial or caudal?) direction.
It occurs because sometimes the kidneys are _______ during their passage through the _______ that their lower ends get fused.
Inferior
fused
inferior mesenteric
anterior; in front of; caudal
pushed so close together
arterial fork
arterial fork
formed by the _____ arteries
umbilical
Lobulated kidney:
It is persistence of __________ kidney.
normal lobulated fetal
The metanephric kidney is lobulated throughout the fetal life
T/F
Say when is stops being lobulated
T
but this condition usually disappears during the first year after birth. But if it fails to do so then it leads to lobulated kidney.
Pelvic kidney:
In this condition, the kidney is located in the _____.
It occurs when kidney fails to _____.
The commonest cause is the presence of ____-shaped fold of _____ (containing _____ artery) that projects from lateral pelvic wall.
pelvis
ascend
sickle; peritoneum; umbilical
Pancake kidney:
In this condition, two kidneys ____ to form a single mass that lies in ____ or _______
fuse
midline
on one side.
Supernumerary/aberrant renal arteries :
They are relatively (common or rare?)
They represent _______ arteries.
The fetal renal arteries arise successively in sequence from the aorta as the kidney ascends from the ___ to the ____region.
Occurrence of aberrant arteries is clinically important because they may cross the ______ and obstruct the out-flow of urine leading to hydronephrosis.
Common
persistent fetal renal
pelvic to the lumbar
pelviureteric junction
The ureter develops from ureteric bud, which arises as a diverticulum from the ________ (_______ duct) duct just before it opens onto the_____ (_______ canal).
mesonephric
Wolffian
cloaca
vesicourethral
Double renal pelvis:
In this condition, upper end of ureter presents two renal pelvises: upper and lower.
The upper renal pelvis drains the ___ group of calyces whereas the lower renal pelvis drains the _____ groups of calyces.
This condition occurs due to _______ near its ______.
upper
middle and lower
premature division of the ureteric bud
termination
Bifid ureter:
In this condition, the ____ end of the ureter is bifid.
In ___ third of course two ureters join and open by a common orifice into the urinary bladder. Like double pelvis, this condition occurs due to ____________
upper
lower
premature division of the ureteric bud.
Double ureters:
Duplication of the ____ part of the ureter and renal pelvis is (common or rare?) .
It occurs due to ____ of the ureteric bud as it arises from the _______. In such a case, one ureter crosses across its fellow and may produce a ________.
abdominal
Common
division; mesonephric duct
urinary obstruction
The double pelvis and double ureters are more liable to get _____ and to be the seat of ____ formation than the normal ureter
Infected
calculus
In case of double ureters, the ____ ureter opens in the bladder at _____, whereas ____ ureter migrates more (cranially or caudally ?) due to (cranial or caudal?) shift of the terminal part of the _______ and opens in the ____ position.
This is due to the fact that the terminal part of mesonephric duct undergoes ____ in the (anterior or posterior?) wall of the urinary bladder
lower
normal site
upper
caudally
caudal
mesonephric duct
ectopic
loop formation
Posterior
Ectopic ureter:
In this condition, the ureter _____________________
does not open into the urinary bladder.
In males, the ectopic ureter usually opens into the _____ of urinary bladder or into ____ part of the ____.
neck
prostatic
Urethra
In females, the ectopic ureter usually opens into bladder____, ______ , or _____.
bladder neck
urethra
Vagina
The _______ of urine is a common complain by patients with ectopic ureters.
It occurs because urine flowing from the orifice of ureter does not enter into the _____.
incontinence
urinary bladder
An ectopic ureter occurs when the ureter is not incorporated into the _______ of the ______.
trigone of the urinary bladder
Postcaval ureter:
It occurs if _____ ascends (anterior or posterior?) to the _______.
right ureter
Posterior
inferior vena cava
The mesonephric ducts now open into the __________, making it divisible into two parts by the openings of the mesonephric ducts.
Part above the openings of mesonephric ducts is called ______ and part below the openings of mesonephric ducts is called ______ .
primitive urogenital sinus
vesicourethral canal
definitive urogenital sinus
The definitive urogenital sinus is further divided into two parts:
a) cranial ____ part and (b) caudal ____ part.
pelvic
phallic
The allantois opens at the ____ end of the ______.
cranial
vesicourethral canal
The upper large part of the vesicourethral canal _____ while its lower part _______.
expands
remains narrow
The upper large dilated part of the vesicourethral canal forms the ______ . It is continuous with the allantois at the ______.
The allantois obliterates and forms a fibrous band called _____, which extends from ____ of the _____ to the ____.
The urachus is called _________ in adult.
urinary bladder
apex
urachus
apex; urinary bladder ; umbilicus
median umbilical ligament
The lower narrow part of vesicourethral canal forms __________.
primitive urethra
The parts of the mesonephric ducts distal to ureteric buds are now _____ into the wall of ______
As a result, the mesonephric ducts and ureters now open _____ in the vesicourethral canal. As the kidneys ascend, the openings of ureters move (upward or downward?) and (Medially or laterally?) .
absorbed
vesicourethral canal
separately
Upward
Laterally
The ______ shaped area on the (ventral or dorsal?) wall of vesicourethral canal between the openings of ______ and ______ is called ____ of urinary bladder.
It is derived from _____ of the _____
triangular
Dorsal
ureteric buds
mesonephric ducts
trigone
absorption; mesonephric ducts.
The epithelial lining of whole of urinary bladder is derived from ____dermal vesicourethral canal, except in trigone of urinary bladder) that is derived from ___derm derived from the absorbed parts of the mesonephric ducts.
endo
meso
The muscular and serous coats of the urinary bladder are derived from ______ _______ ____derm.
splanchnopleuric intraembryonic mesoderm
Exstrophy of the bladder:
In this condition, the (upper or lower?) ____ part of ______ and anterior wall of the ______ is absent.
The mucosal surface of posterior wall of the urinary bladder showing _____ is exposed to the surface.
The _______ is a constant feature in this condition.
Lower ;median
anterior abdominal wall
urinary bladder
ureteric orifices
epispadias
Exstrophy of the bladder
This anomaly occurs due to lack of ____ of ____ in ____ folds of the embryo in the hypogastric region.
Normally, during _____ of embryo the lateral folds are formed; they grow medially and fuse with each other. The mesoderm migrates in these lateral folds and forms the ____ of anterior abdominal wall.
migration
mesoderm
lateral
lateral folding
muscles
In exstrophy of the bladder, the anterior abdominal wall muscles are not formed in the _______ region (between the _____ and _____).
As a result, the surface ___ comes in contact with _____ of vesicourethral canal .
The ectoderm and endoderm breakdown and ______ wall of the urinary bladder is exposed onto the surface.
hypogastric
umbilicus
genital tubercle
ectoderm; endoderm
posterior
The exstrophy of the bladder
is (common or rare?)
occurs in 1:______ births.
Rare
10,000
Commonest urethral anomaly associated with exstrophy of urinary bladder
Epispadias
Most common primary renal tumor of childhood
Wilm’s tumor
