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ANA 202 > Development Of Urinary System > Flashcards

Development Of Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The intermediate mesoderm is a (longitudinal or transverse?) strip of intraembryonic mesoderm lying on either side of _____ between _____ mesoderm and _____ mesoderm

After ___ of embryo the intermediate mesoderm forms a longitudinal elevation of mesoderm along the (ventral or dorsal?) body wall on each side of ___/dorsal mesentery of gut.

This longitudinal elevation is called ______

A

Longitudinal

notochord

paraxial

lateral plate

folding

dorsal

dorsal aorta

urogenital ridge

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2
Q

The medial part of urogenital ridge that gives rise to the ____ system is called ____ ridge and lateral part of urogenital ridge that gives rise to the _____ system is called ______.

A

genital; genital

urinary; nephrogenic cord

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3
Q

Cloaca

The part of hindgut (cranial or caudal?) to attachment of ____ is called cloaca.

It is divided into two parts: ventral and dorsal by a _______ .

A

Caudal ; allantois

urorectal septum

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4
Q

urorectal septum

which develops from an angle between the ____ and _____

A

allantois and cloaca

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5
Q

The development of kidney begins in the _____ week of intrauterine life (IUL) from ______ ____derm.

A

fourth

intraembryonic

meso

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6
Q

Nephrogenic cord derived from _________ forms a longitudinal ridge on (anterior or posterior?) abdominal wall on each side of the _____.

It extends from _____ to ____ region of the embryo.

A

intermediate mesoderm
Posterior

dorsal aorta

cervical to sacral

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7
Q

The surface of the nephrogenic cord is covered by the epithelial lining of the peritoneal cavity (celomic cavity).

T/F

A

T

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8
Q

The evolutionary stages of the kidney are:

(a)______ in fishes, (b)______ in fishes and amphibians, and (c)_____ in humans.

A

pronephros

mesonephros

metanephros

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9
Q

The pronephros

forms at the ____ of the ____ week in the ____ region.

It is (functional or nonfunctional?) and (completely or partially ?) regresses.

its duct—the pronephric duct—which opens in ______ (disappears or persists?) , which is subsequently annexed by _____ and forms the ______.

A

Beginning; fourth; cervical

nonfunctional

Partially

cloaca; persists

mesonephros; mesonephric duct

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10
Q

The pronephros persists as permanent kidney in some ______ and some_____

A

cyclostomes

teleost fishes.

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11
Q

The mesonephros forms at the ____ of the ___ week in ______ region.

It is functional for a (short or long?) period and (completely or partially ?) regresses.

A series of ______ develop in mesonephros, which drain into the ______.

A

end; fourth

thoracolumbar

Short

Completely

excretory tubules; mesonephric duct

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12
Q

(Most or some?) of mesonephric tubules disappear , but (most of some?) of them are modified and take part in formation of ____ of ____.

A

Most

Some

vasa efferentia; testis

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13
Q

The mesonephros persists as permanent kidney in ____ and most of the _____.

A

amphibians

fishes

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14
Q

The metanephros forms at the _____ of the ______ in the _____ region.

It persists permanently in humans. It drains into ______.

A

beginning

third month

sacral

ureter

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15
Q

Say which is segmented an which isn’t

Pronephros

Mesonephros

Metanephros

A

Seg

Seg

Non-seg

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16
Q

Development of the collecting system of the urinary system

The ureteric bud arises from ______ and grows (cranially or caudally?) (behind or infront of?) the peritoneal cavity towards the ___.

The (proximal or distal?) end of ureteric bud becomes capped by _______.

A

mesonephric duct

Cranially

Behind

metanephros

Distal

metanephric blastema

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17
Q

The growing end of ureteric bud becomes (constricted or dilated?) like a ____ to form the ____ of ureter/renal pelvis.

The ureteric bud divides ______ly and its __ generations form the collecting system of the kidney.

The renal pelvis undergoes repeated divisions to form _______,_______,______ and _____

A

Dilated

funnel

pelvis

dichotomous; 13

major calyces, minor calyces, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules

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18
Q

Development of Excretory System

The cells of _____ form metanephric blastema.

The cells of metanephric blastema when come in contact with _____ , condense around it to form solid clump of cells called _______ which is soon converted into a vesicle called _______ that first becomes a ___-shaped vesicle, which soon forms __ shaped tubule (called _____).

A

metanephros

each collecting tubule

metanephric cap

metanephric vesicle

pear; S

primitive renal tubule

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19
Q

Metanephric blastema

The proximal end of this S-shaped tubule is (broad or narrow?) and abuts on the _____.

The distal (constricted or dilated?) end of this tubule forms ______ that becomes __vaginated by a _____ to form renal _____.

A

Narrow ; collecting tubule

Dilated

Bowman’s capsule; in; tuft of capillaries

glomerulus

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20
Q

The renal glomerulus develops from _______ tissue of the ______.

A

angioblastic

nephrogenic cord

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21
Q

The primitive renal tubule eventually forms _____ (excretory unit) consisting of glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and finally , _______ .

A

nephron

distal convoluted tubule

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22
Q

Each distal convoluted tubule joins with the collecting tubule derived from the _______ to form uriniferous tubule

A

ureteric bud

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23
Q

Ascent of Kidney

At first the permanent kidney (derived from _____) lies in the ____ region.

Later due to differential growth of ______ and reduction of fetal _______, the kidney ascends to reach the _____ region (____ vertebral levels).

A

metanephros

sacral

posterior abdominal wall

curvature

thoraco-lumbar; T12–L3

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24
Q

Arterial Supply of the Kidney

The blood supply of kidney changes as it undergoes ___

Initially the kidney lies in the ___ and is sup-plied by _______ artery

As the kidney ascends, it is supplied succes-sively by higher lateral splanchnic branches of the aorta at successively higher levels.

The kidney reaches its final position opposite the ______ vertebra.

The definitive ____ artery supplying the kidney arises at ____ vertebral level and represents lateral splanchnic branch of the aorta.

A

ascent

pelvis; median sacral

second lumbar

renal

L2

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25
Q

Rotation of the Kidneys

At first, hilum of each kidney lies/faces ____. But during the ascent of the kidney it rotates __° (medially or laterally?) so that hilum of each kidney now faces (Medially or laterally ?)

A

anteriorly

90

Medially

medially

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26
Q

Renal agenesis :

The renal agenesis occurs when _____ fails to develop. It can be ____ or _____.

A

ureteric bud

unilateral or bilateral

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27
Q

a) Unilateral renal agenesis

It is relatively (common or rare?)

It is more common in (males or females?)

It is (symptomatic or asymptomatic ?) and (compatible or incompatible?) with life because the other kidney ______ to meet requirements of the body.

A

Common

Males

asymptomatic

Compatible

hypertrophies

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28
Q

ureteric bud induces the ______ to form _______

A

metanephric tissue

metanephric blastema.

29
Q

Bilateral renal agenesis

is relatively (common or uncommon?)

It is (compatible or incompatible?) with life and newborn infant usually ___ shortly after birth, unless a suitable donor is avail-able for a kidney transplant.

It causes _______ that allows the uterine wall to _______.

As a result, there occurs ____ syndrome.

A

uncommon

incompatible;dies

oligohydramnios

compress the fetus

Potter’s

30
Q

The clinical features of Potter’s syndrome are ____ limbs, ____ of skin, and abnormal ______

A

deformed

wrinkling

facial appearance.

31
Q

Duplication or multiplication of the kidneys:

More than one kidney may be present either on one or both sides. This occurs due to ______________

A

early division of the ureteric bud.

32
Q

Congenital polycystic kidney :

In this condition, numerous cysts filled with ____ are present in substance of the kidney.

This condition is usually (unilateral or bilateral?) .

A

urine

Bilateral

33
Q

The embryological basis of congenital polycystic kidney is as under:(a) Earlier it was thought that it occurs when _____ and _____ fail to _____ with each other.

b) But now it is thought that it occurs due to abnormal (constriction or dilatation?) of different parts of the uriniferous tubules, espe-cially the ________

A

excretory/secretory and collecting tubules

connect

dilatation

loops of Henle.

34
Q

congenital polycystic kidney

It is a relatively (common or rare?) hereditary disease

is clinically associated with ___ of the ____,____,___.

It is of two types: childhood type and adult type.

The prevalence of childhood type is 1:____ births and prev-alence of adult type is 1:____ births

A

Common

cysts; liver; pancreas, and lungs

5000; 600

35
Q

Horseshoe-shaped kidney

In this condition, (superior or inferior?) poles of both the kidneys are ____.

During the ascent, the horseshoe kidney gets trapped underneath the _____ artery.

Hence horse-shoe kidney usually lies at the level of the lower lumbar vertebrae.

The ureters arise from the ____ surface of the kidney and pass (behind or in front of ?) isthmus in a (cranial or caudal?) direction.

It occurs because sometimes the kidneys are _______ during their passage through the _______ that their lower ends get fused.

A

Inferior

fused

inferior mesenteric

anterior; in front of; caudal

pushed so close together

arterial fork

36
Q

arterial fork

formed by the _____ arteries

A

umbilical

37
Q

Lobulated kidney:

It is persistence of __________ kidney.

A

normal lobulated fetal

38
Q

The metanephric kidney is lobulated throughout the fetal life

T/F

Say when is stops being lobulated

A

T

but this condition usually disappears during the first year after birth. But if it fails to do so then it leads to lobulated kidney.

39
Q

Pelvic kidney:

In this condition, the kidney is located in the _____.

It occurs when kidney fails to _____.

The commonest cause is the presence of ____-shaped fold of _____ (containing _____ artery) that projects from lateral pelvic wall.

A

pelvis

ascend

sickle; peritoneum; umbilical

40
Q

Pancake kidney:

In this condition, two kidneys ____ to form a single mass that lies in ____ or _______

A

fuse

midline

on one side.

41
Q

Supernumerary/aberrant renal arteries :

They are relatively (common or rare?)

They represent _______ arteries.

The fetal renal arteries arise successively in sequence from the aorta as the kidney ascends from the ___ to the ____region.

Occurrence of aberrant arteries is clinically important because they may cross the ______ and obstruct the out-flow of urine leading to hydronephrosis.

A

Common

persistent fetal renal

pelvic to the lumbar

pelviureteric junction

42
Q

The ureter develops from ureteric bud, which arises as a diverticulum from the ________ (_______ duct) duct just before it opens onto the_____ (_______ canal).

A

mesonephric

Wolffian

cloaca

vesicourethral

43
Q

Double renal pelvis:

In this condition, upper end of ureter presents two renal pelvises: upper and lower.
The upper renal pelvis drains the ___ group of calyces whereas the lower renal pelvis drains the _____ groups of calyces.

This condition occurs due to _______ near its ______.

A

upper

middle and lower

premature division of the ureteric bud

termination

44
Q

Bifid ureter:

In this condition, the ____ end of the ureter is bifid.
In ___ third of course two ureters join and open by a common orifice into the urinary bladder. Like double pelvis, this condition occurs due to ____________

A

upper

lower

premature division of the ureteric bud.

45
Q

Double ureters:

Duplication of the ____ part of the ureter and renal pelvis is (common or rare?) .

It occurs due to ____ of the ureteric bud as it arises from the _______. In such a case, one ureter crosses across its fellow and may produce a ________.

A

abdominal

Common

division; mesonephric duct

urinary obstruction

46
Q

The double pelvis and double ureters are more liable to get _____ and to be the seat of ____ formation than the normal ureter

A

Infected

calculus

47
Q

In case of double ureters, the ____ ureter opens in the bladder at _____, whereas ____ ureter migrates more (cranially or caudally ?) due to (cranial or caudal?) shift of the terminal part of the _______ and opens in the ____ position.

This is due to the fact that the terminal part of mesonephric duct undergoes ____ in the (anterior or posterior?) wall of the urinary bladder

A

lower

normal site

upper

caudally

caudal

mesonephric duct

ectopic

loop formation

Posterior

48
Q

Ectopic ureter:

In this condition, the ureter _____________________

A

does not open into the urinary bladder.

49
Q

In males, the ectopic ureter usually opens into the _____ of urinary bladder or into ____ part of the ____.

A

neck

prostatic

Urethra

50
Q

In females, the ectopic ureter usually opens into bladder____, ______ , or _____.

A

bladder neck

urethra

Vagina

51
Q

The _______ of urine is a common complain by patients with ectopic ureters.

It occurs because urine flowing from the orifice of ureter does not enter into the _____.

A

incontinence

urinary bladder

52
Q

An ectopic ureter occurs when the ureter is not incorporated into the _______ of the ______.

A

trigone of the urinary bladder

53
Q

Postcaval ureter:

It occurs if _____ ascends (anterior or posterior?) to the _______.

A

right ureter

Posterior

inferior vena cava

54
Q

The mesonephric ducts now open into the __________, making it divisible into two parts by the openings of the mesonephric ducts.

Part above the openings of mesonephric ducts is called ______ and part below the openings of mesonephric ducts is called ______ .

A

primitive urogenital sinus

vesicourethral canal

definitive urogenital sinus

55
Q

The definitive urogenital sinus is further divided into two parts:

a) cranial ____ part and (b) caudal ____ part.

A

pelvic

phallic

56
Q

The allantois opens at the ____ end of the ______.

A

cranial

vesicourethral canal

57
Q

The upper large part of the vesicourethral canal _____ while its lower part _______.

A

expands

remains narrow

58
Q

The upper large dilated part of the vesicourethral canal forms the ______ . It is continuous with the allantois at the ______.

The allantois obliterates and forms a fibrous band called _____, which extends from ____ of the _____ to the ____.

The urachus is called _________ in adult.

A

urinary bladder

apex

urachus

apex; urinary bladder ; umbilicus

median umbilical ligament

59
Q

The lower narrow part of vesicourethral canal forms __________.

A

primitive urethra

60
Q

The parts of the mesonephric ducts distal to ureteric buds are now _____ into the wall of ______

As a result, the mesonephric ducts and ureters now open _____ in the vesicourethral canal. As the kidneys ascend, the openings of ureters move (upward or downward?) and (Medially or laterally?) .

A

absorbed

vesicourethral canal

separately
Upward

Laterally

61
Q

The ______ shaped area on the (ventral or dorsal?) wall of vesicourethral canal between the openings of ______ and ______ is called ____ of urinary bladder.

It is derived from _____ of the _____

A

triangular

Dorsal

ureteric buds

mesonephric ducts

trigone

absorption; mesonephric ducts.

62
Q

The epithelial lining of whole of urinary bladder is derived from ____dermal vesicourethral canal, except in trigone of urinary bladder) that is derived from ___derm derived from the absorbed parts of the mesonephric ducts.

A

endo

meso

63
Q

The muscular and serous coats of the urinary bladder are derived from ______ _______ ____derm.

A

splanchnopleuric intraembryonic mesoderm

64
Q

Exstrophy of the bladder:

In this condition, the (upper or lower?) ____ part of ______ and anterior wall of the ______ is absent.

The mucosal surface of posterior wall of the urinary bladder showing _____ is exposed to the surface.

The _______ is a constant feature in this condition.

A

Lower ;median

anterior abdominal wall

urinary bladder

ureteric orifices

epispadias

65
Q

Exstrophy of the bladder

This anomaly occurs due to lack of ____ of ____ in ____ folds of the embryo in the hypogastric region.

Normally, during _____ of embryo the lateral folds are formed; they grow medially and fuse with each other. The mesoderm migrates in these lateral folds and forms the ____ of anterior abdominal wall.

A

migration

mesoderm

lateral

lateral folding

muscles

66
Q

In exstrophy of the bladder, the anterior abdominal wall muscles are not formed in the _______ region (between the _____ and _____).

As a result, the surface ___ comes in contact with _____ of vesicourethral canal .

The ectoderm and endoderm breakdown and ______ wall of the urinary bladder is exposed onto the surface.

A

hypogastric

umbilicus

genital tubercle

ectoderm; endoderm

posterior

67
Q

The exstrophy of the bladder

is (common or rare?)

occurs in 1:______ births.

A

Rare

10,000

68
Q

Commonest urethral anomaly associated with exstrophy of urinary bladder

A

Epispadias

69
Q

Most common primary renal tumor of childhood

A

Wilm’s tumor

ANA 202 (24 decks)

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