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Depression Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two types of depression that the DSM-5 recognises?

A

MDD: major depressive disorder it is severe but short term

PDD: persistent depressive disorder is not as sever as MDD but is long term

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2
Q

what are the criteria (of which 5 must be met) to diagnose someone as depressed?

A
  1. Depressed mood or irritable most of the day, most days
  2. less interest or pleasure in most activities, most of
    each day
  3. Significant weight change (5%) or change in appetite
  4. Change in sleep: Insomnia or hypersomnia
  5. Change in activity: Psychomotor agitation or retardation
  6. Fatigue or loss of energy
  7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
  8. Can’t concentrate
  9. Suicidality
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3
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of depression?

A

frustration, sadness, worthlessness

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4
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A

distant, self harm, sleep less

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5
Q

what are some cognitive characteristics of depression?

A

absolutist thoughts, can’t concentrate, pessimistic view

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6
Q

what did Aaron Beck believe about depression?

A

Faulty thinking and negative schemes will lead to people developing a negative triad of thoughts. this in turn causes people to have negative views on themselves, the future and the world.

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7
Q

what is cognitive bias?

A

Beck found that people with depression would often see things in a negative way straight away.

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8
Q

what are 2 examples of cognitive biases Beck made?

A

over-generalisations and catastrophising

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9
Q

what is over-generalisation?

A

if you fail one test and thing you will fail every test you do in the future

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10
Q

what is catastrophising?

A

if you fail a test and thing you will never be able to go to uni and get a good job

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11
Q

when do schemas develop?

A

during childhood and adolescence

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12
Q

what can cause someone to develop a negative schema?

A

unrealistic expectation set by parents by which no matter how hard the child works it is never enough

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13
Q

what’s an example of a negative triad?

A

self: I am a failure
future: I will never succeed
word: the world is against me

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14
Q

what would a healthy perspective be after a break up?

A

self: its not my fault it was never going to work
future: ill find someone else
world: these things happen

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15
Q

What would be a negative self, future and world perspective be after a breakupp

A

self: I was never good enough for her
future: no one will ever love me again
world: people never give me a chance

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16
Q

what did Beck et al (1974) find?

A

when someone walked passed by a depressed person and did not smile it made them feel inferior. those with depression felt inferior in intelligence, looks compared to other social groups.

17
Q

what was Albert Ellis’s ABC model?

A

the believe of there being action, believe and consequence

18
Q

how did the ABC model show depression?

A

someone without depression:

Action - left on delivered

belief - they are busy

consequence - they get on with other things

someone with depression

Action - left on delivered

belief - they hate me

consequence - feels worthless all day

19
Q

what are issues with the cognitive approach to explaining depression?

A

Blames the patient rather than situational factors

Consequence rather than cause

The idea of schemata is rather vague and it is not clear about how irrational thoughts should be defined and measured.

Comparison with alternative explanations

It could be that irrational thoughts are entirely rational

20
Q

what were the two early forms of CBT?

A

cognitive therapy and REBT

21
Q

what was the aim of cognitive therapy?

A

to identify and challenge the negative automatic thoughts that they believe to be true about themselves and their world

22
Q

what was the aim of CBT?

A

to allow people to be able to recognise when they were making these negative interpretations and so they would be able to understand their problem better as well as negative behavioural patterns which reinforce the distorted thinking

23
Q

what was the ideal result of cognitive therapy?

A

for people to see alternate ways of thinking and behaving which would reduce their issues in daily life

24
Q

what is the duration CBT?

A

about 20 sessions over 16 weeks which focuses on the here and now rather than the past

25
Q

what are the four phases of CBT?

A

initial assessment

goal setting

identifying/challenging irrational thoughts

homework

26
Q

how did ellis believe therapy should be?

A

harsh and to expose irrational thoughts for what they are

27
Q

what did Ellis believe be common irrational thoughts?

A

The idea that one should be thoroughly competent at everything.

The idea that is it catastrophic when things are not the way you want
them to be.

The idea that people have no control over their happiness.

The idea that you need someone stronger than yourself to be
dependent on.

The idea that your past history greatly influences your present life.

28
Q

what was the ABCDE model?

A

action

belief

consequence

dispute/challenge irrational thoughts

effective thoughts replace irrational ones

29
Q

what was the aim of the ABCDE model?

A

to replace irrational negative thoughts with more rational and positive ones. it was also to get rid of ideas like I need to be amazing at everything or else I am worthless.

30
Q

what did March et al (2007) prove about CBT?

A

antidepressants had equal effectiveness to CBT (both at 81%) but provided better results when combined (86%)

31
Q

pros of CBT

A

Allows opportunity to use strategies in range of situations

No real side effects or withdrawal symptoms

Deals with root cause not just symptoms

Role of the person as engaged and active rather than passive

The better trained the therapist, the
better the therapeutic outcomes

Appropriate to use with depression as many symptoms are faulty cognitions

Gives the person some control over disorder & the power to change

32
Q

cons of CBT

A

Have to be committed and motivated to change

Does not focus on why negative beliefs held – may actually be based on realistic concerns

Expensive & time consuming

People do still relapse

Become dependent on therapist

CBT can be unsuitable for patients with difficulty concentrating (often a problem for
depressives)

Psychology (27 decks)

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