depression

Question 1

what is depression

Answer 1

a mood affective disorder

Question 2

what are the 2 types

Answer 2

MDD (major depression disorder)- short term
PDD (persistent depression disorder)- long term

Question 3

what is the criteria

Answer 3

• depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activites for more than 2 weeks
• mood represents a change from the persons baseline
• impaired function: social, occupational, educational
• at least 5 of 9 of the symptoms

Question 4

what are the 9 symptoms

Answer 4

• depressed mood or irritable most of the day
• decreased interest or pleasure in most activities
• significant weight change or change in appetite
• change in sleep : insomnia, hypersomnia
• change in activity
• fatigue or loss of energy
• guilt
• concentration
• suicidal

Question 5

what are the three different characteristics of depression

Answer 5

emotional, behavioural, cognitive

Question 6

what are the emotional characteristics of depression

Answer 6

• lowered mood
• anger
• low self esteem
• feelings of despair

Question 7

behavioural characteristics

Answer 7

• low energy levels
• withdrawn from work
• psychomotor agitation
• disruption to sleep
• appetite to increase/decrease
• aggression

Question 8

cognitive characteristics

Answer 8

• negative/ irrational thoughts
• suicidal thoughts
• poor levels of concentration
• pay more attention to negative aspects of situation

Question 9

beck’s negative triad

Answer 9

• said people do things differently with depression
• process info in negative way
• cognitions are bias towards irrational thoughts
• negative thoughts influence how they think about themselves, their future and the world
• cognitive biases mean people with depression will distort info, over generalise and catastrophise
  catastrophise= making something a big deal
• according to beck depressed people process negative self schemas
• interpret info in a negative way, could lead to cognitive bias

Question 10

what is a schema

Answer 10

idea of how something works, based on past experiences

Question 11

what is an ineptness schema

Answer 11

expect to fail

Question 12

what is self blame schema

Answer 12

feel responsible for all misfortunes

Question 13

negative self evaluation schemas

Answer 13

constantly remind depressives of their worthlessness

Question 14

negative schemas

Answer 14

• develop in childhood and adolescence
• authority figures, parents, place unrealistic demands on them and are highly critical
• develop providing a negative framework for viewing events pessimistically
• in adulthood these become biases such as over generalisation, magnification, selective perception and absolutist thinking

Question 15

beck et al (1974)

Answer 15

• depressed patients and non depressive patients and compared them in a scenario
• depressed patients had stereotypical responses to situations
• depressed patients regarded themselves as inferior in intelligence, attractiveness compared to others who don’t have depression
• negative take on events was persistent
• automatic distortions; very quick responses- negative

Question 16

mild depression

Answer 16

• not as obvious
• even mild depressed patients have cognitive distortions that deviate from logical thinking

Question 17

treating depression

Answer 17

cbt
rebt

Question 18

what is cbt

Answer 18

identifies people with depression: their negative patterns of thinking
helps to make clients aware of having these cognitive biases, helps them to be aware where these cognitive distortions are more obvious
- construct ways of alternative thinking, leads to a change in behaviour
- cbt will take 4 months if paying
- nhs unable to offer full course
- cbt focuses on here and now- thoughts today towards a specific situation
- beck developed cbt to help people change the way people think
- ellis also did a form of cbt called rebt

Question 19

what is REBT

Answer 19

REBT = rational emotive behavioural therapy
rebt = abc model + d & e
d= dispute in irrational beliefs
e= effect- change in thinking & then behaviour

Question 20

process of cbt

Answer 20

• person 1st meets with therapist, initial assessment takes place
• focus on here and now, as session goes on come up with list of goals
• client has to keep record of situations occurred and evidence of how they interpret it
• show therpaist diary and then they help client start to recognise that these assumptions may not refelct reality
• work together to come up with alternative for that situation
• client now tries to look at response in a different way
  POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP WITH THERAPIST
  quality of therapy depends on the person delivering it
  mutual trust and respect to therapist but not too attatched

Question 21

strengths of cbt

Answer 21

• doesnt just deal with symptoms and causes it challenges irrational thoughts
• no side effects or withdrawal

Question 22

weaknesses of cbt

Answer 22

• not suitable for everyone
• lack of concentration- depression symptom
• intense process
• commitment
• can have relapse

Question 23

what is ellis’ abc model

Answer 23

ellis believed depressed people blamed things that happened externally or their internal unhapiness
- belief system in depressed people that impacts on their behaviour
ABC model
A = activating event: something happens in the environment around you to which there is a reaction
B = beliefs: you hold a belief about the event or situation about why it occurred
C: consequence: emotional repsonse to your belief
external event is blamed for the unhapiness being experienced
C = consequence