depression Flashcards
what is depression
a mood affective disorder
what are the 2 types
MDD (major depression disorder)- short term
PDD (persistent depression disorder)- long term
what is the criteria
- depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activites for more than 2 weeks
- mood represents a change from the persons baseline
- impaired function: social, occupational, educational
- at least 5 of 9 of the symptoms
what are the 9 symptoms
- depressed mood or irritable most of the day
- decreased interest or pleasure in most activities
- significant weight change or change in appetite
- change in sleep : insomnia, hypersomnia
- change in activity
- fatigue or loss of energy
- guilt
- concentration
- suicidal
what are the three different characteristics of depression
emotional, behavioural, cognitive
what are the emotional characteristics of depression
- lowered mood
- anger
- low self esteem
- feelings of despair
behavioural characteristics
- low energy levels
- withdrawn from work
- psychomotor agitation
- disruption to sleep
- appetite to increase/decrease
- aggression
cognitive characteristics
- negative/ irrational thoughts
- suicidal thoughts
- poor levels of concentration
- pay more attention to negative aspects of situation
beck’s negative triad
- said people do things differently with depression
- process info in negative way
- cognitions are bias towards irrational thoughts
- negative thoughts influence how they think about themselves, their future and the world
- cognitive biases mean people with depression will distort info, over generalise and catastrophise
catastrophise= making something a big deal - according to beck depressed people process negative self schemas
- interpret info in a negative way, could lead to cognitive bias
what is a schema
idea of how something works, based on past experiences
what is an ineptness schema
expect to fail
what is self blame schema
feel responsible for all misfortunes
negative self evaluation schemas
constantly remind depressives of their worthlessness
negative schemas
- develop in childhood and adolescence
- authority figures, parents, place unrealistic demands on them and are highly critical
- develop providing a negative framework for viewing events pessimistically
- in adulthood these become biases such as over generalisation, magnification, selective perception and absolutist thinking
beck et al (1974)
- depressed patients and non depressive patients and compared them in a scenario
- depressed patients had stereotypical responses to situations
- depressed patients regarded themselves as inferior in intelligence, attractiveness compared to others who don’t have depression
- negative take on events was persistent
- automatic distortions; very quick responses- negative
mild depression
- not as obvious
- even mild depressed patients have cognitive distortions that deviate from logical thinking
treating depression
cbt
rebt
what is cbt
identifies people with depression: their negative patterns of thinking
helps to make clients aware of having these cognitive biases, helps them to be aware where these cognitive distortions are more obvious
- construct ways of alternative thinking, leads to a change in behaviour
- cbt will take 4 months if paying
- nhs unable to offer full course
- cbt focuses on here and now- thoughts today towards a specific situation
- beck developed cbt to help people change the way people think
- ellis also did a form of cbt called rebt
what is REBT
REBT = rational emotive behavioural therapy
rebt = abc model + d & e
d= dispute in irrational beliefs
e= effect- change in thinking & then behaviour
process of cbt
- person 1st meets with therapist, initial assessment takes place
- focus on here and now, as session goes on come up with list of goals
- client has to keep record of situations occurred and evidence of how they interpret it
- show therpaist diary and then they help client start to recognise that these assumptions may not refelct reality
- work together to come up with alternative for that situation
- client now tries to look at response in a different way
POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP WITH THERAPIST
quality of therapy depends on the person delivering it
mutual trust and respect to therapist but not too attatched
strengths of cbt
- doesnt just deal with symptoms and causes it challenges irrational thoughts
- no side effects or withdrawal
weaknesses of cbt
- not suitable for everyone
- lack of concentration- depression symptom
- intense process
- commitment
- can have relapse
what is ellis’ abc model
ellis believed depressed people blamed things that happened externally or their internal unhapiness
- belief system in depressed people that impacts on their behaviour
ABC model
A = activating event: something happens in the environment around you to which there is a reaction
B = beliefs: you hold a belief about the event or situation about why it occurred
C: consequence: emotional repsonse to your belief
external event is blamed for the unhapiness being experienced
C = consequence
