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behaviourist approach Flashcards

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1
Q

who was it founded by

A

jb watson in 1915

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2
Q

why was pavlov important

A

for his thoery of clasical condtioning

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3
Q

why was skinner important

A

for his theory of operant conditioning

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4
Q

what is it all about

A
  • we are born as “blank slates”
  • all we have at birth is the capacity to learn
  • all behaviour is learned from the environment
  • focus of the approach: observable behaviour
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5
Q

assumptions

A
  • behaviourism is primarily concerned with observable behaviour, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion. observable behaviour can be objectively and scientifically measured
  • psychology is a science so behaviour must be measured in highly controlled environments to establish cause and effect
  • when born our mind is a blank slate
  • little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals. therefore research can be carried out on animals as well as humans
  • behaviour is the result of stimulus- response
  • all behaviour is learnt from the environment. we learn new behaviour through the principles of classical or operant conditioning
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6
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

it explains the learning of voluntary behaviour through positive and negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement occurs when a behaviour produces a consequence that is rewarding, whereas negative reinforcement occurs when a behaviour removes an unpleasant consequence. both positive and negative reinforcement make a behaviour more likely to occur again

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7
Q

what is tabula rasa

A

you are born as a blank slate

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8
Q

stimulus

A

anything, internal or external, that brings about a response

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9
Q

response

A

any reaction in the presence of the stimulus

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10
Q

reinforcement

A

process by which a response is strengthened

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11
Q

what are the three types of learning

A
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
  • social learning theory
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12
Q

what is UCS

A

unconditioned stimulus

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13
Q

what is UCR

A

unconditioned response

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14
Q

what is NS

A

neutral stimulus

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15
Q

what is CR

A

conditioned response

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16
Q

what is CS

A

conditioned stimulus

17
Q

what is reflex

A

automatic response (uncontrolled)

18
Q

assumptions

A
  • behaviour is learned by the environment. if we manipulate the environment, we can shape and manipulate behaviour
19
Q

ivan pavlov

A

was mucking about with dogs in his lab- accidental
and he demonstrated the importance of learning by association in his conditioning experiments

20
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

-learning by association
-refers to the conditioning of reflexes and involves associating a new stimulus with an innate bodily reflex
- involves pairing a response naturally caused by one stimulus with another, previously neutral stimulus

21
Q

pavlovas dogs

A

-first pavlov established that food caused the dog to salivate
- unconditioned stimulus (FOOD)
- unconditioned response (SALIVA)
- then pavlov established that a tone did not cause the dog to salivate
- he then presented the tone with the food. after a number of trials the dog is salivating in response to the food at this time
- unconditioned stimulus (FOOD) + neutral stimulus (BELL) = unconditioned response (SALIVA)
- after several pairings of the tone and food, pavlov found that the dog would salivate to the tone when it was presented alone
- conditioned stimulus (BELL) = conditioned response (SALIVA)

22
Q

what did pavlov show

A

-that learning could be investigated experimentally using non-human participants
-this provided laws of learning-classical conditioning
- this has provided therapies for conditions such as phobias and addictions

23
Q

contribution of pavlovs work

A
  • non-observable behaviour could not be studied in this way
  • therapeutic techniques have been successful in eliminating maladaptive behaviours
  • difficulties in extrapolating from animals to humans
  • supporting human evidence- little albert
  • issue of environmental determinism of focus on free will
24
Q

little albert

A

watson and rayner would place a white rat in front of albert but when albert went to reach the rat, watson would simultaneously strike a metal bar with a hammer, creating a loud noise. this was repeated fro many weeks
results: watson and rayner found that when the rat was presented alone, albert became frightened and tried to get away from the rat
- neutral stimulus (NS) no fear of rats (before conditioning)
- rat (NS) and loud bang (UCS) fear (UCR) (during conditioning)
- rat (CS) fear (CR) (evidence of conditioning)

25
Q

operant conditioning

A

-b.f. skinner claimed that all behaviour is learnt as a result of consequences in our environment- operant conditioning
- involves learning through the consequences (positive and negative) of behavioural responses

26
Q

what is reinforcement

A

anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

27
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are pleasant when they happen

28
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by removing unpleasant consequences

29
Q

what is punishment

A

anything which has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are unpleasant

30
Q

what do positive and negative reinforcers do

A

strengthen behaviour

31
Q

skinner box

A
  • animal rat or pigeon, learns to press a button or lever in order to get food
  • if the animal moves close to the leaver, then food appears in order to encourage pecking on the leaver itself
  • animal has control over its environment
  • food is a positive consequence of behaviour and so the pecking is repeated
  • positive reinforcement is the food pallet
  • negative reinforcement is the electric shock
32
Q

strengths of behaviour post approach

A

-very scientific with its experimental methodology
-helps to establish
-replicable
-mainly quantitative data-easy to analyse
useful applications to education

33
Q

limitations

A
  • much data has been obtained from species such as rats, dogs and pigeons
  • many forms of learning cannot be satisfactorily explained by classical and operant conditioning- it sees people as passive in their learning with little conscious thoughts influencing their behaviour
  • deterministic
  • lack of ecological validity
  • ethical issues
  • lack of qualitative data

Psychology (30 decks)

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