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Psychology > attachment > Flashcards

attachment Flashcards

1
Q

i

what is attachment

A

2 way emotional bond which develops over time
- more secure when with the other person

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2
Q

what are the attachment behaviours

A

proximity- people try stay physically close to those they are attached to
separation distress- people are distressed when attachment figures leave
secure base- explore environment but return to attachment figure for comfort

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3
Q

what are the 2 building blocks to build attachment

A

reciprocity
interactional synchrony

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4
Q

what is reciprocity

A
  • 2 way mutual interaction
  • both infant and caregiver are active contributors to interaction
  • reciprocal= respond to each others signal and elicit a response from the other
  • helps to facilitate an attachment
  • one alert signal, other responds
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5
Q

what are the 2 types of reciprocity

A

infant reciprocity= mum alert signal, baby responds
mother reciprocity= baby alert signals, mother responds

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6
Q

what is the tronin et al research

A
  • mothers who enjoy interacting with child are told to stop and remain static
  • the baby tries to tempt the mother to interact by smiling at them
  • babies become puzzled and distressed when mother didnt interact back
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7
Q

what is murray and trevarthen

A
  • infants interacted with mother on video monitor which was played on a screen so mother was not responding and interacting in real time
  • in the 2nd condition, the infant showed acute distress- they tried to interact with their mothers and gained no response, they turned away
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8
Q

what is interactional synchrony

A
  • 2 people interacting
  • tend to mirror what the other is doing (facial and body movements) and this is coordinated
  • innate
  • 2 way pattern of interaction
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9
Q

meltzoff and moore (1977)

A
  • adult model displays 1 of 3 facial expressions
  • dummy placed initially to prevent any response
  • after display, dummy was removed and childs expression was filmed on a video
  • infants young as 3 days old imitate facial expressions of adults
  • this implies ability to mirror is an innate behaviour
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10
Q

what are the stages of attachment

A

asocial stage (0-6 weeks)
indiscriminate attachments (6 weeks- 6 months)
specific attachments (7 months +)
multiple attachment (10/11 months +)

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11
Q

what is the asocial stage

A
  • 0 - 6 weeks
  • respond equally to object and human
  • react favorably to non social and social stimuli
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12
Q

what is the indiscriminate attachment

A
  • 6 weeks - 6 months
  • respond similarly to any caregiver
  • focus on human figures
  • get upset when individual stops interacting with them
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13
Q

what is the specific attachment

A
  • 7 months +
  • looks for particular people fro security and comfort and protection
  • stranger fear
  • unhappiness when separated from special person- separation anxiety
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14
Q

what is multiple attachment

A
  • 10/11 months +
  • attachment to 2 or more people
  • babies able to form multiple attachments once they have formed specific attachment to their main caregiver
  • attachments likely to form with people who responded accurately to infants signals, not the person they spent more time with
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15
Q

schaffer and emerson study

A

aim - study development of attachments
method
- observed 60 infants from working class families in glasgow for 18 months
- families visited once a month for 1 year and then again at 18 months
- mothers asked to observe children and record their behaviours

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16
Q

results of the schaffer and emerson study

A
  • between 25 and 32 weeks, 50% of infants showed separation anxiety towards an adult (usually mother)
  • attachment tended to be caregiver that was most sensitive to signals of infant
  • at 40 weeks, nearly 30% formed multiple attachments
  • within 1 month of becoming attachment, 29% of infants had multiple attachments
  • within 6 months, this had risen to 78% of infants having multiple attachments
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17
Q

what do the results show

A

that as the baby got older, they formed more attachments with multiple people and had less separation anxiety

18
Q

why do we look at animal studies

A
  • have been used to look at the formation of early bonds between non human parents and their offspring
  • attachment, like behaviour is common to a range of species and so animal studies can help us understand attachment in humans
19
Q

Lorenz’s study method

A
  • took sample of gosling eggs and divided into 2 groups
  • one group left with natural mother and the other placed in incubator
  • when incubator eggs hatched, the first thing they saw was lorenz and when the other eggs hatched the first thing they saw was their mother
  • the behaviour of all goslings were recorder
20
Q

what were the finding of lorenz study

A
  • once the gosling’s hatched, they proceeded to follow the first moving object they saw during the critical period (12-17 hours)- this is called imprinting
  • one group followed their mother goose and other group followed lorenz
  • suggests that attachment is innate and programmed genetically
  • supports having a biological basis for an attachment is adaptive
21
Q

learning theory, dollard and miller

A
  • attachment is a learned behaviour that is aquired through both classical and operant conditioning
  • all behaviour (including attachment is learnt rather than an innate biological behaviour
  • learning theories of attachment focus on the associations and rewards providing by caregivers
  • learning theories say we have to learn to attach and we do so beacause of food
22
Q

classical conditioning

A
  • studied by pavlov’s dogs, applied to attachment
    MILK (UCS) —> BABY FEELS PLEASURE (UCR)
    MOTHER (NS) —-> MILK (UCS) —-> BABY FEELS PLEASURE (UCR)
    MOTHER (NS) —-> BABY FEELS PLEASURE (CR)
23
Q

operant conditioning

A
  • type of learning that takes place because of actions and rewards
  • we learn through consequences
    positive reinforcer- a reward which makes a good situation even better
    negative reinforcer- reward which takes away an unpleasant situation
    applied to attachment:
    BABY PERFORMS ACTION (CRIES) —> BABY RECEIVES REWARD: MILK RELIEVES HUNGER
    -reward reinforces the action so the baby repeats it
24
Q

evaluation points

A
  • lorenz geese attached to the first thing they saw, without being fed, this suggests that attachment is not based on learning to attach to the person who feeds you
  • harlows research suggests that attachments are based on contact comfort and not food
    this suggests that attachments are formed from comfort and not food
25
Q

bowlby’s evolutionary theory

A
  • bowlby said, attachment is a behaviour that has evolved because of its survival value
  • bowlby suggested attachment is innate and this innate tendency gives un adaptive advantages (more likely we will survive)
  • adopted idea of critical period and applied to his explanation
26
Q

bowlbys research

A
  • observed and interviewed children and their families
  • families separated in aftermath of ww2
  • studies often conducted in hospitals and institutions
27
Q

MICIS

A

M-monotropy
I-internal working model
C-critical period
I-innate
S-social releasers

28
Q

Monotropy

A
  • infants form one very special attachment with mother
  • this special, intense attachment is called monotropy
  • if mother not available, infant could bond with another mother substitute
29
Q

internal working model

A
  • through monotropic attachment, infant form internal working model which forms a template for all future relationships
  • all childs future adult relationships will be based on this
  • style of attachment an infant has continues throuhout life
30
Q

critical period

A
  • babies have to form attachment with their caregiver during critical period
  • between birth and 2 and a half years old
  • if didnt happen, the child would be damaged for life
31
Q

innate

A
  • attachments are innate
  • born with drive to attach
  • gives us an adaptive advantage making us more likely to survive
  • because if infant has an attachment to a caregiver, kept warm and safe and given food
32
Q

social releasers

A
  • babies have social releasers which unlock innate tendency of adults to care for them
  • can be physical and behavioural
33
Q

lorenz research suppport for monotropy

A
  • attachment process of imprinting is an innate process which has a critical period
34
Q

bailey research support for internal working model

A
  • questioned 99 teenage mothers with 1 year old babies. also observed their behaviour. they found that those mothers who reported insecure attachments to their own parents, were much more likely to have children whose behaviour implied insecure attachments
35
Q

strange situation aim

A

devised by mary ainsworth to observe attachment security in children within the context of caregivers relationships

36
Q

strange situation methods

A
  • controlled observations of 12-18 months olds and their mothers
  • were observed using a video camera in a purpose built laboratory playroom
37
Q

7 stages

A

1-mother & infant go in room, mother sits and child free to explore- secure base
2-stranger enters room and tries to engage with infant- stranger anxiety
3-mother leaves room, baby alone with stranger and tries to comfort and play- separation anxiety
4- mother returns to room, stranger leaves- reunion behaviour
5- mother leaves the room, infant alone- separation anxiety
6- instead of mother returning, stranger returns, tries to comfort and play- stranger anxiety
7- mother re enters, stranger leaves- reunion behaviour

38
Q

3 types of attachment

A

insecure avoidant
secure attachment
insecure resistant

39
Q

secure attachment

A

safe base- use mother safe base and explore
separation anxiety- mildly distressed
stranger anxiety- wary of stranger when alone but friendly when mother
reunion behaviour- happy when mother returns
% of infants- 68

40
Q

insecure resistant attachment

A

safe base- does not explore
separation anxiety- intense distress
stranger anxiety- avoids stranger
reunion behaviour- child approaches mother but resists contact
% of infants- 12

41
Q

insecure avoidant attachment

A

safe base- explores but does not use mother as safe base
separation anxiety- no signs of distress
stranger anxiety- not disressed when stranger comforts
reunion behaviour- no interest when mother returns
% of infants- 20

Psychology (30 decks)

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