Degenerative Arterial Disease

Question 1

What is Arterosclerosis

Answer 1

Hardening of arteries due to increase wall thickness and decrease elasticity.

Question 2

What are the types of Arteriosclerosis?

Answer 2

Atherosclerosis and Monkeberg medical calcific sclerosis

Question 3

What is Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

Progressive, chronic inflammatory response to endothelial injury where the formation of a atheromatous plaque occurs

Question 4

What effect does atherosclerosis have on the arterial wall

Answer 4

Atheromatous plaques causes an obstruction/ Narrowing of the lumen
Weakening of the wall

Question 5

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide; True or FALSE?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What is the most common form of arteriosclerosis

Answer 6

Atherosclerosis

Question 7

Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Answer 7

Endothelial injury
Endothelial cell activation
Increased vascular permeable
Platelet adhesion
Adhesion and influx of white blood cells
Lipoprotein accumulation and oxidation
Phagocytosis of oxidized lipoproteins by macrophages
Activation and recruitment of more inflmmatory cells
Migrationa nd proliferation of smooth muscel cells from media to intima
Elaboration and accumulation of extracellular matrix
Formation of athermatous plaque

Question 8

What phagocytoses the lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Answer 8

Foam cells

Question 9

Components of a well developed atheromatous plaque

Answer 9

Fibrous Cap- smooth muscle cells, macrophages, foam cells , lymphocytes, collagen, elastin. proteoglycans, neovascularization

Necrotic Center- Cell debris, cholesterol crystals, foam cells, calcium

Question 10

List some complications of Atherosclerosis

Answer 10

Luminal Stenosis
Plaque Disruption
Weakening of vessel wall

Question 11

What is an Aneurysm

Answer 11

Localized, abnormal, dilation of the wall of a blood vessel or the heart.
(an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel.)

Question 12

Sates the types of aneurysms and describe each

Answer 12

True- Involving all layers of the vessel wall
False- involving part of the vessel wall or Breach in the wall leading to haematoma outside the vessel (extravascular)

Question 13

What are some known shapes of aneurysms

Answer 13

Saccular and fusiform

Question 14

Dissections?

Answer 14

Boos enters the vessel wall forming a haematoma which separates the layers of the media

Question 15

List the causes of aneurysms

Answer 15

Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Intrinsic Structural defects
Trauma
Vasculitis
Infections

Question 16

Name a genetic susceptibility cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Answer 16

Imbalance in Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) and their inhibitor (TIMP)

Question 17

How is an abdominal aortic aneurysm classified

Answer 17

1. Position in relation to the renal artery ostia: Suprarenal vs infrarenal
2. Shape: Saccular vs Fusiform

Question 18

Saccular aneurysms are more commonly associated with degenerative disease; True or False?

Answer 18

True