Congenital Heart Disease

Question 1

What is ventricular septal defect

Answer 1

A ventricular septal defect (VSD- congenital) happens during pregnancy if the wall that forms between the two ventricles does not fully develop. This leaves a hole.

Question 2

Atrial Septal Defect?

Answer 2

An atrial septal defect is a congenital heart defect occurs when there is a failure to close the communication between the right and left atria. I

Question 3

Pulmonary Stenosis

Answer 3

Pulmonary valve stenosis is a type of heart valve disease that involves the narrowing of the pulmonary valve, which controls the flow of blood from the heart’s right ventricle into the pulmonary artery to carry blood to the lungs

Question 4

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 4

An opening called the ductus arteriosus is part of a baby’s blood flow system in the womb. It usually closes shortly after birth. If it remains open, it’s called a patent ductus arteriosus.

A large untreated patent ductus arteriosus can let oxygen-poor blood move the wrong way. This can weaken the heart muscle, causing heart failure and other complications

Question 5

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 5

Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare congenital heart condition. A baby born with the condition has four different heart problems.

1.Narrowing of the valve between the heart and the lungs, called pulmonary valve stenosis.

2. A hole between the bottom heart chambers, called a ventricular septal defect.
3. Shifting of the body’s main artery.
4. Thickening of the right lower chamber of the heart, called right ventricular hypertrophy.

Question 6

Coarction of the aorta

Answer 6

Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, most commonly occurring just beyond the left subclavian artery.

Question 7

Which congenital heart defect has the highest frequency?

Answer 7

Ventricular septal defect

Question 8

Major malformation complex that contribute to Congenital Heart defects

Answer 8

40% of trisomy 21 patients have CDH
Other trisomies- 13,18
Turner’s Syndrome
22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Question 9

In what week of pregnancy do most congenital heart abnormalities occur

Answer 9

first 8 weeks

Question 10

Formation of heart structure and great arteries occur in which week?

Answer 10

Weeks 1-4

Question 11

What happens in weeks 1-4

Answer 11

Valves nd completion of septa dividing right from left heart

Question 12

Eisenmenger Syndrome

Answer 12

In Eisenmenger syndrome, there is irregular blood flow in the heart and lungs. This causes the blood vessels in the lungs to become stiff and narrow. Blood pressure rises in the lungs’ arteries.

Question 13

Name the most common causes of left to right (atriovenous) shunts

Answer 13

Atrial septal defect
VSD
AVSD
PDA

Question 14

What happens in a left to right atriovenous shunt

Answer 14

Blood from from a higher pressure which is on the left side of the heart to a lower pressure on the right. This results in an increases blood volume in the right side of the heart going to the pulmonary vessels in the lug which causes congenital heart heart failure> pulmonary hypertension> right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 15

Most common causes of Right to left (venous0arterial) shunt

Answer 15

tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the Great Arteries

Question 16

Result of right to left (venous-arterial) shunt

Answer 16

Blood flows from the right to the left resulting in hypoxia and cyanosis due to the fact that the blood on the right is oxygen deficient, so it’s basically ‘contaminating’ the oxygen rich blood

Question 17

What is Obstructive Lesions

Answer 17

Abnormal narrowing of chambers, valves and vessels

Question 18

Define Dextrocardia

Answer 18

Abnormality of the heart’s position
Opposite rotation of heart with apex pointing to right side

Question 19

What is dysplasia

Answer 19

A cardiac valve abnormality there is an abnormality usually with thickening and nodularity

Question 20

Atresia?

Answer 20

Cardiac valve abnormality where there is a complete occlusion of valve orifice due to poor or no development of valve apparatus

Question 21

Stenosis?

Answer 21

Reduction in circumference of valve orifice
May occur with an otherwise normal or dysplastic valve (leaflet formation)

Question 22

Which valve is often asymptomatic until mid to late adult life when calcific aortic stenosis develops

Answer 22

Bicuspid Aortic valve

Question 23

Diference between primium and secundum atrial septal defects

Answer 23

The primum defects are linked to other heart defects of the ventricular septum and mitral valve. Secundum defects can be a single, small or large hole. They may also be more than one small hole in the septum or wall between the two chambers.

Question 24

Ventricular septal defect is commonly referred to as ‘hole in the heart’ ; True or False

Answer 24

True

Question 25

State the 2 main types of Ventricular septal defects

Answer 25

Perimembranous (most common types)- This is a hole in the upper section of the ventricular septum

Muscular-This is a hole in the lower, muscular part of the ventricular septum.

Question 26

What is another name for the Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) and define

Answer 26

Endocardial Cushion Defect- defect of the septum at the atrioventricular junction.
Disrupts tricuspid and mitral valves

Question 27

When does physiological and physical closure of the ductus arteriosus occur

Answer 27

Physiological closure- by 16 hours of life
Physical Closure- 2-3 weeks

Question 28

Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 28

a short vessel that connects the fetal pulmonary artery to the aorta and involutes it following birth. During development, the ductus arteriosus allows oxygenated blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation and provides nutritional and oxygen-rich blood directly into the systemic circulation.

Question 29

What are the 4 components of Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 29

Pulmonary stenosis- obstruction of outflow from right ventricle
Ventricular septa defect
Aorta that overrides the VSD - aorta hangs over VSD
Right ventricular hypertrophy